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Westward Expansion
Unit 07 - Westward Expansion
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Who is credited with coining the term 'Manifest Destiny'? | "John O'Sullivan, a writer and newspaper editor." |
| What was the 19th-century belief that the United States was destined by God to expand across the North American continent? | Manifest Destiny. |
| "In his 1839 writing 'The Great Nation of Futurity,' what did John O'Sullivan describe as America's 'high destiny'?" | To establish on earth the moral dignity and salvation of man through principles like freedom and equality. |
| "In his 1845 writing on 'Annexation,' O'Sullivan argued it was America's manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by _____." | Providence. |
| What is the definition of 'annexation' in the context of territorial expansion? | The act of adding a region or territory to an existing country or state. |
| Who was the previous owner of the Louisiana Territory before the U.S. purchased it in 1803? | France. |
| Why did Napoleon sell the entire Louisiana Territory to the U.S.? | He abandoned his plans for the territory after a successful slave revolution in Haiti made it less valuable to him. |
| How did the United States acquire the Florida territory from Spain? | Spain ceded it through the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 after General Andrew Jackson invaded the territory without authorization. |
| "Runaway slaves from Georgia and North Carolina often fled to Spanish Florida, where they allied with Native Americans to become the _____." | Seminoles. |
| What was James K. Polk's presidential campaign slogan regarding the Oregon Country? | '54° 40' or fight!' |
| How was the dispute over the Oregon Country settled between the U.S. and Great Britain in 1846? | "They signed the Oregon Treaty, which compromised by dividing the territory at the 49th parallel." |
| Why did the Mexican government initially allow American settlers into Tejas (Texas) in 1821? | To help settle and bring stability to the sparsely populated northern territory. |
| "What major Mexican law passed in 1829 did American settlers in Texas almost completely ignore, causing major tension?" | The law outlawing slavery in all Mexican territories. |
| What was the famous rallying cry that emerged after Santa Anna's forces defeated and killed nearly all Texan defenders at a mission in San Antonio? | 'Remember the Alamo!' |
| "At what battle did Texan forces led by Sam Houston defeat Santa Anna, leading to Texas's independence?" | The Battle of San Jacinto. |
| Why wasn't Texas immediately annexed by the U.S. after it gained independence? | Congress feared it would lead to war with Mexico and was conflicted over admitting another slave state. |
| What event triggered the start of the Mexican-American War? | Mexican forces attacked U.S. troops that President Polk had sent into a disputed territory between Texas and Mexico. |
| "What is the term for giving up or surrendering something, such as land, often as a result of war?" | Cession. |
| What treaty ended the Mexican-American War in 1848? | The Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo. |
| "The territory gained by the U.S. from Mexico after the Mexican-American War, including California and New Mexico, is known as the _____." | Mexican Cession. |
| Why did the U.S. make the Gadsden Purchase from Mexico in 1853? | To acquire a strip of land needed for a planned transcontinental railroad. |
| In what ways was Andrew Jackson considered a 'common man'? | "He was the son of poor immigrants, grew up in humble circumstances, and became an orphan at a young age." |
| "What 1814 battle during the Creek War, led by Andrew Jackson, resulted in more Native American deaths than any other single battle in U.S. history?" | The Battle of Horseshoe Bend. |
| "What did Andrew Jackson call the election of 1824, in which the House of Representatives chose John Quincy Adams as president despite Jackson winning the popular vote?" | The 'corrupt bargain'. |
| What political party was formed by supporters of Andrew Jackson after his loss in the 1824 election? | The Democratic Party. |
| What was the 'spoils system' implemented by President Jackson? | The practice of removing government workers appointed by previous administrations and replacing them with his own loyal supporters. |
| "President Jackson often ignored his official cabinet, instead consulting with a group of informal advisors known as the _____." | Kitchen Cabinet. |
| Why did Andrew Jackson oppose the Second Bank of the United States? | He believed it was an unconstitutional institution that favored rich bankers at the expense of farmers and laborers. |
| "After vetoing the Second Bank's charter, where did Jackson deposit federal funds?" | "In state banks run by his supporters, which were known as 'pet banks'." |
| What was the Nullification Crisis primarily about? | "South Carolina's opposition to federal tariffs, which they claimed the right to nullify (void) within their state." |
| How did President Jackson respond to South Carolina's threat to nullify federal tariffs? | He threatened to use military force to enforce the federal law. |
| What were the 'gag rules' supported by President Jackson in Congress? | Rules that prevented any discussion or debate on the topic of ending slavery in the House of Representatives. |
| "What was the purpose of the Indian Removal Act of 1830, championed by Andrew Jackson?" | It allowed the federal government to negotiate treaties to remove Native Americans from their lands in the Southeast to new lands west of the Mississippi. |
| "The forced march of 14,000 Cherokee from their homeland to the West, during which over 3,000 died, is known as the _____." | Trail of Tears. |
| Which group of Americans was most directly helped by Jackson's policy of Indian Removal? | "White settlers in the South, who gained access to fertile lands for cotton plantations." |
| "What was a primary economic motivation for pioneers to travel the Oregon Trail, especially after 1837?" | "The Panic of 1837, an economic crisis that left many Americans jobless and seeking new opportunities." |
| What major act of Congress incentivized settlement in Oregon by offering 640 acres of free land to settlers? | The Donation Land Claim Act. |
| What was one of the most prevalent and deadly dangers faced by pioneers on the Oregon Trail? | Diseases such as cholera and smallpox. |
| The discovery of gold at what location in California triggered the Gold Rush of 1849? | Sutter's Mill. |
| People who flocked to California in search of gold in 1849 were known as _____. | Forty-niners. |
| How did the Gold Rush affect the city of San Francisco? | "It transformed from a small settlement into a large, rapidly growing city." |
| What was the primary reason for the Mormon migration to Utah? | "To escape violent religious persecution for their beliefs, such as polygamy." |
| Who was the founder of the Mormon religion who was killed by a mob in Illinois? | Joseph Smith. |
| "Who led the Mormons to their settlement in Salt Lake City, Utah, after the death of their founder?" | Brigham Young. |
| What was a significant hardship for poorer Mormon pioneers who could not afford wagons? | "They used handcarts, which often broke down and led to many deaths due to a lack of supplies." |
| "From the perspective of the Texas Declaration of Independence, why did Texans revolt against Mexico?" | They claimed the Mexican government under Santa Anna had become a tyranny that denied them basic rights like trial by jury and freedom of religion. |
| "According to abolitionist Benjamin Lundy, what was the 'prime cause' and 'real object' of the Texas Revolution?" | The desire to re-establish the system of slavery after Mexico had outlawed it. |
| How did Mexican official Manuel Mier Y Terán view American actions in Texas? | "He saw the U.S. as a greedy, rival power trying to conquer Mexico's most fertile and advantageous territory." |
| "According to Comanche Chief Ten Bears, why was there no peace in his country?" | Because the Texans had invaded and taken away the best lands where his people had always lived and hunted. |
| "In arguing for the Mexican-American War, what 'safety valve' did Senator Lewis Cass claim westward expansion provided?" | He claimed it provided room for expansion to prevent the social evils of overcrowding seen in Europe. |
| "Opposing the Mexican-American War, Congressman Joshua Giddings refused to fund what he called the 'murder of _____ upon their own soil.'" | Mexicans. |
| "According to U.S. Army officer Colonel Hitchcock's diary, who was the aggressor in the conflict with Mexico?" | The United States. |
| "Abolitionists like Frederick Douglass and Charles Sumner argued that the primary, 'infamously wicked' purpose of the Mexican-American War was the expansion of _____." | Slavery. |
| What was the name of the independent Republic of Texas before it was annexed by the U.S.? | The Lone Star Republic. |
| "What Supreme Court case ruled that states did not have the right to enforce laws on Native American land, a ruling President Jackson ignored?" | Worcester v. Georgia. |
| Who was the Mexican general and politician who fought to maintain control over Texas and other territories? | Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna. |
| This American frontiersman and politician was a famed fighter in the Texas Revolution and died at the Alamo. | Davy Crockett. |
| Who were the Mountain Men in the context of westward expansion? | Explorers of the western wilderness who carved paths for later settlers. |
| The idea that individual states had the right to veto or cancel federal laws they believed were unfair was known as _____. | Nullification. |
| "What was the primary transportation route connecting Missouri to New Mexico, used extensively before the railroad?" | The Santa Fe Trail. |
| "The Treaty of _____ set the terms for the Cherokee Nation giving up its territory, though it was never agreed upon by the Cherokee leadership." | New Echota. |
| "What American general, who served in the Mexican-American War, later became the 12th President of the United States?" | Zachary Taylor. |
| Which group of immigrants moved to the West Coast in search of riches and primarily worked in gold mines and on railroad construction? | Chinese Immigrants. |
| A group of American pioneers who famously turned to cannibalism due to harsh conditions on their westward journey was known as the _____. | Donner Party. |
| This Cherokee leader and newspaper editor believed removal was inevitable and worked to secure rights for his people before it occurred. | Elias Boudinot. |
| Who was John Ross? | A Cherokee leader who negotiated with the American government against the removal of his people from their ancestral lands. |
| This American missionary couple were among the first to move to Oregon and were later murdered by Cayuse Indians after a smallpox outbreak. | Marcus & Narcissa Whitman. |
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