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AP HUG chapter five
Terms and questions. Based on James M. Rubinstein 13th ed. Text Book
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Language | a means of communication through speech, a collection of sounds that a group of people understands to have the same meaning. Not all languages have a system of written communication. |
| Language families | a collection of languages related through a common ancestral language that existed long before written history (prehistoric) Indo-European is the world's largest language family, and Sino-Tibetian is the second |
| Language branch | a collection of languages related through a common ancestral language that existed several thousand years ago. |
| Language groups | a collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display many similarities in grammar and vocabulary |
| Institutional language | a language used in work, education, mass media, and government Developing language: a language is in daily use and growth by people of all ages |
| Vigorous language | a language in daily use by people of all ages, but it lacks a literary tradition |
| Threatened language | a language used for face-to-face communication, but is losing use. |
| Dying language | a language being used by older people but not being taught to the younger generation |
| Nomadic warrior thesis | By Gimbutas. 1st proto-indo-euro speakers were the Kurgan people. Conquered much of Europe and South Asia between 3500-2500 BC to obtain land. These conquered lands began to speak the Kurgan language, the proto-Indo-European language. from them. |
| sedentary farmer thesis | by Renfrew. 1st proto-Indo-European speakers lived 2000 years before the Kurgans in Eastern Anatolia. The early Anatolians traded food and agricultural technology, which led to the diffusion of language and more speakers from an abundance of food. To them |
| Vulgar Latin | the non-standard literary form, but the common spoken form |
| Lingua franca | a language you need to be able to speak, depending on where you live. Translates to “Language of the Franks” |
| Logograms | symbols that represent words of meaningful parts of words The United Nations has six official languages: Arabic, Chinese, French, English, Russian, and Spanish |
| Creole/Creolized language | a language that results from mixing the colonizer's language with the indigenous language |
| Pidgin language | simplified form of any lingua franca, always a second language (ex, Spanglish, chinglish, franglais, etc.) |
| Dialect | regional variation of a language distinguished by distinctive vocabulary, spelling, or pronunciation (ex, American vs British dialect) |
| Isogloss | geographic boundary for a word's usage or pronunciation Sub-dialect: regional sub-variety of a dialect (northern vs southern American dialects) |
| Adage | sayings that differ throughout dialects and sub-dialects Standard language: dialect most acceptable for government, business, education, and mass communication |
| British Received Pronunciation (BRP) | Standard for English. Associated with upper-class Britons living in the London area, most commonly used by politicians, narrators, and actors. |
| Monolingual states | will only have one official language (ex: bulgaria = bulgarian) |
| Multilingual states | will have more than one official language (ex: kenya, switzerland, belgium) |
| Extinct languages | no longer spoken or read in daily activities by anyone in the world. Languages die by: Loss of speakers, Linguistic evolution, economic/social acculturation (assimilation to a different culture, typically dominant one) |
| Isolated languages | a language that is unrelated to any other and therefore is not “attached” to any language family (ex: Basque) |
Created by:
chambsar000
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