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Civial
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Affirmative Action | remedial action designed to overcome the effects of discrimination against minorities and women |
| Civil rights | the rights of all people to be free from irrational discrimination such as that based on race, religion, gender, or ethnic origin |
| Class action suit | a lawsuit brought by an individual or a group of people on behalf of all those similarly situated |
| Commerce clause | the clause of the Constitution that gives Congress the power to regulate all business activities that cross state lines or affect more than one state or other nations |
| Heightened scrutiny | - this test has been applied when a law classifies based on sex; to be upheld, the law must meet an important government interest |
| Jim crow laws | - state laws formerly pervasive throughout the South requiring public facilities and accommodations to be segregated by race; ruled unconstitutional |
| Literacy test | a literacy requirement some states imposed as a condition of voting, generally used to disqualify black voters in the South, now illegal |
| De jure | |
| - a clause in the Fifth amendment limiting the power of the national government and protecting individuals life, liberty, and property | |
| Due process clause | |
| Dual citizenship | citizenship in more than one nation |
| Majority-minority | a congressional district created to include a majority of minority voters; ruled constitutional so long as race is not the main factor in redistricting |
| Natural rights | - the rights of all people to dignity and worth |
| Naturalization | - a legal action conferring citizenship on an alien |
| Poll Tax - tax required to vote; prohibited for national elections by the 24th Amendment and ruled unconstitutional for all elections in Harper v. Board of Elections | |
| Poll tax | - tax required to vote; prohibited for national elections by the 24th Amendment and ruled unconstitutional for all elections in Harper v. Board of Elections |
| Racial gerrymandering | - the drawing of election districts so as to ensure that members of a certain race are a minority in the district; ruled unconstitutional in Gomillion v. Lightfoot |
| Rational basis test | a standard developed by the courts to test the constitutionality of a law; when applied, a law is constitutional as long as it meets a reasonable government interest |
| Restrictive convent | - a provision in a deed to real property prohibiting its sale to a person of a particular race or religion. Judicial enforcement of such deeds is unconstitutional |
| Right of expatriation | - the right to renounce one's citizenship |
| Strict scrutiny | a test applied by the court when a classification is based on race; the government must show that there is a compelling reason for the law and no other less restrictive way to meet the interest |
| Womens suffrage | women's right to vote |
Created by:
Omspencer2
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