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U.S History Unit 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| North | Growing Industry and an increasing number Of immigrants. In 1850 immigrants feared the expansion of slavery as it might compete with unskilled labor. Could not compete with slave labor |
| South | Remained largely agricultural. Had 1/3 of US Population, but only 10% of US manufacturing came from the South. The minority of the south (plantation owners) held all of the power in the south |
| Missouri Compromise of 1820 (Henry Clay) | North and South were fighting whether or not the number of free states equaled the number of slave states. Maine became free state and Missouri would be a slave state. All states above the 36*30 line would be free and states below would be slave states |
| California | Grew fast and applied for statehood as a free state. Southerners were upset because most of the state was beneath the line |
| Compromise of 1850 | California would be admitted as a free state. Utah and New Mexico territories would decide about slavery. Slavery was not abolished in DC without consent or Maryland. Slave trading was banned in D.C . Stricter fugitive slave laws were set up |
| The Kansas Nebraska Act (1854) | 1. Proposal concerned with territories on the Great Plains- Kansas territory and Nebraska territory |
| Stephen Douglas | U.S Senator from Illinois that encouraged Southern hopes by proposing states should decide for themselves |
| The Kansas Nebraska Act provisions | Missouri Compromise no longer applied to Kansas and Nebraska. Popular sovereignty would decide if there was slavery or not. |
| Violent Outcome | Fighting broke in Kansas after passage of act between Northerners and Southerners. The Armed clashes in "Bleeding Kansas" warned of the nationwide civil war that would soon follow. |
| Republican Party 1854 | Opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Anti-slavery. Lincoln is elected in 1860 and is Republican |
| Republican Platforms of 1856, 1860 the party stood for | Keep slavery out of Western territories. Abolition is not a major goal. Protective Tariffs to encourage Northern Industries. Build a railroad from the Atlantic Coast to the Pacific |
| Lincoln-Douglas Debates | Emergence of Abraham Lincoln running against Stephen Douglas for Senator in 1858. Pulled the Northern and Southern wings of the Democratic Party further apart |
| Lincoln | Slavery was a moral, political, and social wrong |
| Douglas | If people didn't elect to enforce Dred Scott then it would not matter |
| Lincoln's Leadership | Goal as president was to save the union. Knew when to make unpopular decisions. Tried different generals until he found Grant the genious |
| Emancipation Proclamation (Jan 1, 1863) | Lincoln declared that slaves in Confederate states were now free. Confederate states didn't recognize his authority. Signaled a new direction for the U.S and slavery might be abolished. |
| Lincoln's Speeches | Had memorable speeches like the Gettysburg Address. Reelected In 1864 and served 1 month before being assassinated by John Wilkes Booth |
| Dred Scott v. Sandford 1857 | Missouri slave taken to free north and sued for freedom after returning South. Chief Justice Taney declared Scott couldn't sue because he was not a citizen. 5th amendment protects slaveholder property |
| Dred Scott Decision | Republicans disappointed with decision because it expanded slavery |
| Bleeding Kansas 1858 | Kansas-Nebraska Act led to popular sovereignty. Proslavery and antislavery activists came to Kansas to fight over it being a free or slave state. |
| Kansas Becomes a State | 200 People died, 2 million worth of property was destroyed. Kansas became free state in 1861 |
| John Brown's Raid 1859 | He and 18 people seized Harpers Ferry to obtain weapons to give to slaves. 36 hours in and 10 men were killed by the Marines which forced John to surrender |
| Brown's Raid cont'd | Brown was sentenced to death in Virginia. Northerners viewed him as a hero while southerners saw it as proof that the north was trying to kill slave holders |
| Election of 1860-Lincoln Wins | Republican platform. Free soil principles (current slavery excluded),high tariffs new homestead laws, federal funds for transcontinental railroad |
| Secession | Southerners view Lincoln's election as a threat to their society and culture. Many felt they had no choice but to secede |
| Immediate Causes | Election of Lincoln, Secession of southern states. Firing Fort Sumter by confederates in Charleston harbor South Carolina |
| Long Term Causes | Conflict over slavery in territories. Economic differences in North and South. Failure to compromise in congress |
| Union Blockade | Stop supplies coming into the south |
| Ironclads | Ships reinforced with iron plates fought it out. Influences future Navy encounters |
| Confederacy | South was very successful early in the war. Confederates under General E. Lee. South won Battle of Bull Run and Seven Days' Battle |
| Turning Point | Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Battle of Vicksburg, Mississippi. General Ulysses S. Grant |
| Immediate Effects of war ending | Abolition of slavery (13th Amendment). Devastation of the South. Reconstruction. Nation Reunited |
| Long Term Effects | Boom of Industry. Federal Authority dominant. 620,000 Men died. 360,000 Union. 260,000 Confederacy. |
| Union Advantages | Population, military and navy, 90% manufacturing (supplies) labor pool, railroads, Lincoln and Grant, strong central government |
| Confederacy Advantages | Strong military tradition, defensive, home field advantage, less travel, and strong leadership |
| Liberty Party 1844 | Tried to pass pro-abolitionist laws. Threw election to Polk |
| Know_nothing Party 1854 | Delay immigrant naturalization and won governorship in mass |
| Free Soil Party 1848 | Opposed extension of slavery and led to the rise of Republican Party |
| Lincoln's Plan | Lincoln believed that the south never really left the union |
| 10% Plan | Pardon all accused of crimes against POWs(Confederates) if they rejoin the union. When 10% on the voting list take oath states could form new governments and send people to congress |
| 10% Plan Reaction | 1.Arkansas, Louisiana, Tennessee and Virginia moved towards readmission 2. Congress tried to pass Wade Davis Bill but was vetoed 3. Booth assassinated Lincoln |
| Johnson's Plan | 1. States would have to declare secession illegal and swear loyalty to the union and ratify 13th amendment 2. Johnson excluded high ranking Confederates from pardon |
| Johnson's Plan Reaction | Remaining states rejoined except Texas. Johnson pardoned high ranking Confederates which upset Radical Republicans so they tried to impeach Andrew Johnson |
| Radical Republicans Plan | Pass 14th and 15th Amendment. No military leader or political holder of the confederacy could hold office. Military would be occupied by federal troops until a new state constitution |
| Freedmen's Bureau 1866 | Offered assistance to freed and poor white in the south |
| Civil Rights Act 1866 | Granted citizenship and equal protection under the law for African Americans |
| Reconstruction Act of 1867 | Abolished governments in south and set up military districts. Set up requirements for readmission to the Union |
| Enforcement Act 1870 | Protected the voting rights of Africans Americans and gave the Federal Government power to enforce the 15th Amendment |
| Civil Rights Act 1875 | Outlawed racial segregation in public services |
| 13th Amendment | Declared slavery illegal in every state |
| 14th Amendment | Defined rights of all American Citizens |
| 15th Amendment | Voting rights could not be defined to a person because of race. |
| The Tenure of Office Act | Passed so Johnson could be impeached |
| Election of 1868 | Ulysses S. Grant won the election with 500,000 African American votes |
| Scalawags | White Southerners who joined the Republican party. Most were small farmers |
| Carpetbaggers | Northerners who moved south after the war to help or benefit from the South's turmoil |
| Southern Homestead Act | Set aside 44 million acres of bad swamp land for freed blacks that lacked resources to farm successfully |
| Sharecropping | Land given to a person to farm and half of the harvest must be given to the owner and other half to pay debts |
| Tenant Farming | Rent land to farm for cash |
| Klu Klux Klan | Started as a social club in tennessee and slowly became terrorist orginizations. Killed black people and white sympathizers. Wanted to control black laborers |
| End Of Reconstruction | Military occupation ended in 1875. Democrats begun to regain control of the south |
| Solid South Democratic | Democrats won the south by large margins from 1876 to 1948 |
| Modern Republican Party | begun in 1952 with election of Dwight D. Eisenhower |
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