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Unit 2 cvtc
ch 3,4,5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The cell | is the fundamental unit of any living organism because it exhibits the basic characteristics of life. |
| The two catagories of cells: | Eucaryotic(more complex) and procaryotic |
| Procaryotic microbes: | Bacteria and archaea (Cellular) |
| Eucaryotes | algae, protozoa, fungi (Cellular) plant, animals, and humans. |
| Microbes not composed of cells | viruses, prions, viroids |
| Viruses | acellular: not living |
| Cellular | procaryotes (archaea, bacteria, cyanobacteria) |
| Acellular (energy from host) | viroids, prions, viruses |
| Eurotic cells contain a ________ nucleus. | "true" |
| procaryotic cells | do not have a true nucleus |
| a true nucleus consists of: | nucleoplasm, chromosomes, and nuclear membrane. |
| Eucaryotic cells possess: | a complex system of membranes and membrane bound organelles |
| Procaryotic cells | do not possess a complex of membranes and membrane bound organelles |
| eucaryotic and procaryotic cells possess | a cell membrane: selectiv permeability, allowing certain substances to pass through them. |
| Eucaryotic nucleus | "command center" 3 components: nucleoplasm, chromosomes, and nuclear membrane. |
| Chromosomes are embedded in: | the nucleopasm |
| eucaryotic chromosomes consist of: | linear DNA molecules and proteins |
| Genes are located | along chromosomes. |
| An organism's complete collection of genes are referred to as its | genotype or genome (beads on a string) |
| each gene contains | information to produce one or moree gene products (usually protein) |
| A semi-fluid, gelatinous, nutrient matrix. Contains storage granules and a variety of organelles.Each organelle has a specific function. Is where most metobalic reactions occur | Cytoplasm |
| ER | highly convoluted system of membranes, transport network,in the cytoplasm |
| rough ER | has ribosomes attatched |
| smooth ER | does not have ribosomes attatched to it |
| Ribosomes | 18-20nm in diameter, consist of ribosomal RNA protein, site of protein synthesis, 30-70 bind then produce protein |
| Plants, Algae, Fungi, and most bacteria | have a cell wall |
| animal, protozoa, and mycoplasma species | do not have a cell wall |
| Gram- Neg cell wall | LPS above surface,(phospholipid, outer membrane, protein) |
| Acellular | Not composed of cells; Viroids prions; viruses |
| Viruses | have a protein coat called capsid, 10-300nm diameter, complete particles are called virions. |
| Infect humans, animals, plants, fungi protozoa, algae, and bacteria cell. | viruses |
| Some viruses cause certain cancers | oncogenic or oncoviruses |
| cause of AIDS; enveloped, single strand of RNA viruses primary targets are CD4and cells | HIV |
| Prions | acellular; small infectious proteins that cause neurological disease such as mad cow. most resistant to disinfectants. mystery |
| Viroids | are infectious RNA molecules that cause a variety of plant disease (potaoe spindle tuber, citrus exocortis) |
| Microbial Classification by whitticure in 1969 | 5-Kingdom System of classification; Grouped into large group based on simularities and diffrences. (most widely used) |
| Bacteria and archaea Microbial classification | Kingdom Procaryotae |
| Algae and protozoa Microbial classifcation | Kingdom Protista |
| Fungi Microbial classification | Kingdom Fungi |
| Plants Microbial classification | Kindom Plantae |
| Animals Microbial classification | Kingdom animalia |
| Microbial Classification by carl woosey 1970's | 3 domain system of class: based on differences in structure of ribosomal RNA molecules among organisms. |
| 3 Domain syatem of classifications | Archaea (procaryotic) acient bacteria, Bacteria (procaryotic), Eucarya (all eucarotic organisms) |
| Virulent bacteriophage; attatchment,penetration, uncoating viral nucleic acid escapes from capsid, biosynthesis,assembley to create complete virions, release complete virions | lytic cycle |
| class & ID: cell morphology, stain reaction, motility, colony morphology,atmospheric req, nutritional req,enzymes produced, pathogenicity, genetic composition | Domain Bacteria Characteristics |
| Domain bacteria characteristics | 3 major phenotypic catagories: gram-neg(cell wall), gram-pos (cell wall), those that lackcell wall (mycoplasmic) |
| acellular antibiotics are not effective against viral infections, drugs that are used, interfere w/ virus-specific enzymes and production by disrupting phases in viral multiplication/ inhibiting synthesis of viral RNA/DNA or protein | antiviral agents |
| escape from their host cells either by lysis of the cell or budding. | animal viruses |
| escape by budding | become envelope viruses |
| penetration of host cell by non-enveloped virus via endocytosis. Penetration by an enveloped virus | summary of lytic process |
| phages, virus that infect bacteria, 2 catagories: virulent and temperate. | bacteriophages |
| always cause lytic cycle which end with destruction of the cell | virulent |
| attatchment,penetration, biosynthesis, assembly, released | 5 steps of the Lytic Cycle |
| bacteria that recycle nutrients, produce antibiotic, and preserve food. Very few are harmful or cause disease. 1000nm | Procaryote |
| cellular, selective permability: archaea,bacteria, and cyanobacteria. Do not have true nucleus, do have cell membrane | procaryotes |
| Peritrichous bacteria | procaryotic and have flagella over entire surface |
| lophotrichous bacteria | flagella at one end like an octopus |
| amphitrichous bacteria | have one flagella at each end |
| monotrichous bacteria | flagella at one end |
| 2 donor 1 recipient, hair-like seen by gram-neg, made of polymerized protein called pillin, not associated with motility, anchor. | pili: a.k.a fimbrae |
| 4 layers: Teichoric acids (top of lipoteichoic), peptidoglycan contains lipoteichoic acids, cell membrane contains protein, and cyto plasm | gram-positive cell wall |
| reproduce by binary fission:cell spilts into 2 daughter cells but before chromosomesa must duplicate. | procaryotic cell reproduction |
| Time it takes binary fission | generation time: varies depends on growth condition. E. coli about 20 min. but most bacteria 20-24hrs depending on enviroment. |
| 3 basic (based on shape): cocci(round), Bacilli (rod-shape), curved/ spiral | bacterial cell morphology |
| Cocci | diplcocci-1 or2, Strepto-chain, staph-clusters,tetrads-4pack, octads 8 pack |
| taxonomy established based on the binomial system of nomenclature. | Microbial classification. |
| each given 2 names: genus and specific epithet. both constitute species. | binomial system |
| Glycocalyx(slime layers and capsules;some bacteria posses. Is a slimy, gelatinous material made by cell membrane and secrete out side cell wall. | Procaryotic cell structure |
| 2 types:loosly connected to cell wall highly organized and a firm connection. | Glycocalyx |
| Pseudmonas produce slime layers, K.pneumonia,N.meningitidis, and S.pneumoniae posses capsule(serves as antiphagocytic function | Glycocalx (of the procaryotic cell structure) |
| motile bacteria; whiplike,threads of protein, protein is flagellin. # and arrangement are characteristic of a particular sp. | Flagella of the procaryotic cell |
| sequence for taxa | Kingdom, division,class,order, family,genus, species.KDCOFGS |
| air dry, heat fix,hold over boiling water, apply malachite green over smear,let steam for 1min, rinse w/ distilled water(rinses stain out of vegative cells), apply safranin for 30 sec | spore stain procedure |
| procaryotic, few genera(bacillus and clostridum)capable of forming thick-wall for survival, sporulation/ no rep,survive many yrs, resistant to heat, chemicals, cold and drying. | Spore (endospore) |
| eucaryotic cell that does not have cell wall | animal cell |
| have a simple cell wall | plant cell |
| do not contain true nucleus, do not have membrane bound organelles. They do have cell membrane that encloses cytoplasm | procaryotic cells |
| are dormant and surround DNA and allow resist to chem, heat and drying. composed of exosporium, spore coat, cortex,core(sporeproplast)- core wall, cytoplasm,nucleoid,ribosomes | endospores |
| DNA duplicate, seperate into sporangium and forespore,sporangium engulf forespore then produce spore layer around forespore,cortex and outer coat layer divide, last a completely formed mature spore | endospore formation |
| sporulation | nutrition depletion(maj stimulus),once depleted it is comitted to forming endospore and is now called sporulationg cell(sporagium) takes 6-10 hrs |
| Why are endospores heat resistant? | presence of dipicolinic acid combined with calcium ions; which help dehydrate endospore. Also core contains small proteins that help protect DNA from drying and damage. |
| How do you destroy a endospore? | temp @ least 112'C(autoclave) because they are resistant to drying, uv light, strong acids and bases |
| to break dormancy of the endospore good condition for growth of cell is a must. Has to be a specific chemcal/ enviromental stimulus(amino acids/inorganic salt) along w/ inorganic salt. with water. | germination of endospore |
| enzymes produced that degrade cortex and expose core to water, calcium dipicolinate is lost, core rehydrates, cell grows out of endospore coats. takes 1 1/2 hrs | germination |
| Clostridium sp. are | anaerobes |
| Bacillus sp are | aerobes |
| based on shape cocci, bacilli, curved/spiral | bacteria |
| cocci in pairs ex: N. gonorrhoeae, disease; Gonorrhea | Diplococci arrangement |
| chains, streptoccus pyogenes (strept throat) | streptococci |
| cluster, staphylococcus aureus, boils | staphylococci |
| packet of four, micrococcus, rarley pathogenic | tetrad |
| packet of eight, sarcina ventriculi, rarely pathogenic | octad |
| Rods;long filaments/ branched, 1x3nm. when extremely short called coccobacilli. Med: bacilli Escherichia, Klebsiella, and proteus spp. Pseudomonas, Haemophilus and bacillus. | bacilli |
| curved: vibrio,campylobacter, and helicobacter spp. spiral: treponema and borrelia spp. | Curved and spiral shaped bacteria. |
| 1.simple stains 2.structural staining procedure(a. capsule stain, spore stain, flagella stain) 3. differential stain (a. gram pos b.gram neg c. acid fast) | staining bacteria |
| serves to kill organisma, preserve morphology, and anchors smear. 2 most common:1.heat, not standard willdistort bacteria morphology 2. methonal, standardized technique (preffered) | fixation |
| smear loop,air dry,drip methonal to fix, flood w/ stain, rinse w/ water, and examine w/oil immerson @x100 | simple stain |
| Stain blue - purple have thick layer of peptigodlycan more complex | Gram-positive |
| Stains pink-red thin layer of peptidoglycan | Gram negitave |
| known as gram variable, mycobacterium spp. uses carbol fuchsin( red dye driven through cell wall) heat used to soften waxes in cell wall | acid fast stain |
| which eucaryotic organisms are photosynthetic? | classification of algae |
| consist of cytoplasm, cell wall(usually), cell mem,nucleus,plastids,ribosomes, motichondria, and gogli bodies. Some have pellicle, a stigma and/or flgella? (most cell walls contain cellous) | characteristics of algae |
| Range in size from unicellular(diatoms),to large, multicellular(seaweeds or kelp) | algae |
| how do algae produce energy? | photosynthesis, some use organic matter. |
| algae can be arranged in colonies or strands and can be found in: | fresh water,salt water, wet soil, or on wet rocks |
| diatoms,diboflge | |
| able to swim, associated with flagella; less often with axial filaments | bacteria motility |
| seen by stabbing into tube of semisolid medium or by hanging drop technique | motility of bacteria |
| generally are not motile, 50% | spiral shaped and cocci |
| millions of organisms, apperance varies, size color shape, elevation, edge or margin of the colony, enzymatic activity on varius media. | colony of morphology |
| What is the formation of bacterial growth? | single cell 0hrs one cell, 4hr 256 cells, 8hrs 65000 cells, visible colony 12 hrs at 17000000 cells |
| atmosheric requirements are | classified by relationship to O2 and CO2 |
| Classifications of bacteria isolates for O2 | obligate aerobes, microphilic aerobes, faculative anaerobes, aerotolerant anaerobes, and obligate anaerobes. |
| Organisma that grow best in higher concentrations of CO2(5-10%) | canophilic |
| What are the nutritional requiremnts for Domain bacteria? | Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen sulfur, phosphate and nitrogen for growth. Some special elements like calcium, iron and zinc. Fastidous bacteria is said to be demanding of nutrients |
| What is the pathogenicity of Domain Bacteria? | many are able to cause disease, because they posses capsules, pili, or endotoxins. Because the secrete exotoxins and exoenzymes they damage cells and tissues. tested by inoculation (Neisseria men) |
| What is the genetic composistion of domain bacteria? | |
| What are unique bacteria? (do not grow in artificial media) | Rickettsias, chlamydias, mycoplasmas (bacteria) but do not posses all organisms as a typical bacteria cell. Rickasettes and chlamidia have gram-neg type and are obligate intracellular Rickasettes has a leaky membrane and chlamidiais an energy parasite |
| obligate intercellular | means the bacteria must live in a host to survive. |
| mycoplasmas | smallest of cellular microbes, lack cell wall (many diff shapes) pleomorphio. in humans cause atypical pneumonia, genitourinary inf., resistant to penicillian, "fried egg" |
| Photosynthic bacteria | purple, green, cyano; purple and green do not produce oxygen/ cyan do. produces oxygen then is said to be oxygenic, and if not it is called anogenic |
| archae | disc 1977 procaryotic, related more to eucaryotes than bacteria, widely in shape, some live in extreme enviroment, posses cell walls but they do not contain peptidoglycan |
| taxonomy | science of classification, classification, nomenclature and ID/#. Taxa: KDCOFGS |
| acid fast mycobacteria | carbol fuchsin (bright red dye) drivin into the cell |
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