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Reading 8.11
Civil Rights Movement Expands
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Women’s Movement | Second wave of feminism that occurred in the 1960s and 1970s that tried to address political, economic and social gender inequalities. |
| Betty Friedan | Feminist and author who wrote The Feminine Mystique and encouraged women to seek fulfillment in professional careers in addition to being wives, mothers and homemakers. |
| The Feminine Mystique | Feminist book written by Betty Friedan, which encouraged women to seek fulfillment in professional careers in addition to being wives, mothers and homemakers. |
| National Organization for Women (NOW) | Feminist group partially founded by Betty Friedan, which adopted the activist tactics of other civil rights movements to secure equal treatment of women. |
| Equal Pay Act of 1963 | Congressional law that prohibited employers from paying different wages to men and women for similar work and whose jobs require the same level of skill, effort, and responsibility. |
| Civil Rights Act of 1964 | Congressional antidiscrimination law that banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin. |
| Title IX (1972) | Congressional statute meant to end sex discrimination in schools that receive federal funding, which is most famous for its requirement that schools provide girls with equal athletic opportunities. |
| Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) | Proposed amendment to guarantee equal legal rights for all American citizens regardless of sex, which passed Congress in 1972, but just missed ratification by the states. |
| César Chávez | Labor leader and civil rights activist who helped organize Latino agricultural workers into the United Farm Workers Association to campaign for better pay, working conditions and rights. |
| United Farm Workers Association | Labor union that César Chávez helped create to organize Latino agricultural workers in order to campaign for better pay, working conditions and rights. |
| Hispanic Americans | Citizens of the United States of descent from Spanish-speaking countries of the Americas and who became the country’s largest minority group in 2000. |
| American Indian Movement (AIM) | Native American civil rights organization founded in 1968 that became involved in several militant actions such as the occupation of Wounded Knee, South Dakota in 1973. |
| Indian Self-Determination Act of 1975 | Congressional law that gave reservations and tribal lands greater control over internal programs, education and law enforcement. |
| Asian Americans | American citizens of Asian descent who became the fastest growing ethnic minority in the United States by the 1980s, but often faced prejudice and racial stereotypes. |
| Gay Rights Movement | Civil rights movement for the LGBTQ community sparked by riot in 1969, which was caused by a police raid on Stonewall Inn, a gay bar in New York City. |
| “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” | Policy created under President Clinton in 1993 that stopped the military from asking for people to identify their sexual identity, but permitted the military to expel people for being gay or lesbian. |
| Warren Court | Era of the Supreme Court from 1953 to 1969 marked by liberal leaning landmark decisions that profoundly affected the criminal-justice system, state political systems and individual rights. |
| Mapp v. Ohio | Landmark SCOTUS case under the Warren Court that ruled evidence seized illegally cannot be used against the accused in court. |
| Gideon v. Wainwright | Landmark SCOTUS case under the Warren Court that ruled state courts must provide counsel (attorney) for indigent (poor) defendants. |
| Escobedo v. Illinois | Landmark SCOTUS case under the Warren Court that extended the Gideon ruling to give suspects the right to have a lawyer present during questioning by the police. |
| Miranda v. Arizona | Landmark SCOTUS case under the Warren Court that ruled defendants must be informed of their right to counsel and right against self incrimination before arrest and incarceration. |
| Reapportionment | Process of redrawing election districts according to new population data from the U.S. Census, which can lead to partisan gerrymandering. |
| Baker v. Carr | Landmark SCOTUS case under the Warren Court that ruled states drawing election districts in ways that favored rural areas over cities was unconstitutional by reinforcing the “one man, one vote” principle. |
| “One Man, One Vote” | Legal principle that election districts need to be drawn in ways to provide equal representation for all citizens, which was reinforced by the Supreme Court in Baker v. Carr. |
| Yates v. United States | Landmark SCOTUS case under the Warren Court that ruled classified radical and revolutionary speech as protected 1st Amendment speech, unless it presented a “clear and present danger.” |
| Engel v. Vitale | Landmark SCOTUS case under the Warren Court that ruled state laws requiring prayers and Bible readings in public schools violated the 1st Amendment’s provision for separation of church and state. |
| Griswold v. Connecticut | Landmark SCOTUS case under the Warren Court that ruled state laws prohibiting the use of contraceptives ruled unconstitutional in recognition of a citizen’s right to privacy |
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