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African American Civil Rights Movement (1960s)

TermDefinition
James Meredith African American veteran who attempted to enroll at the University of Mississippi in 1962, but needed a federal court ruling and military protection to protect him and his right to attend class.
George Wallace Conservative governor from Alabama who embraced the growing hostility of many Whites to federal desegregation and tried to stop African American students from entering the University of Alabama.
Martin Luther King Jr. Minister who emerged as an inspirational leader of the Civil Rights Movement during the Montgomery Bus Boycott and pushed for nonviolent tactics such as civil disobedience.
Letter from Birmingham Jail Inspirational essay written by Martin Luther King Jr. in 1963 during his imprisonment for an allegedly illegal march, in which he called for mass civil disobedience against racist laws.
March on Washington Massive civil rights demonstration in the nation’s capital in 1963 that was organized by labor leader A. Philip Randolph and where Martin Luther King Jr. gave his “I Have a Dream” Speech.
“I Have a Dream” Speech Inspirational address given by Martin Luther King Jr. at the March on Washington which appealed for the end of racial prejudice and inspired many to join the Civil Rights Movement.
Civil Rights Act of 1964 Congressional law that made segregation illegal in all public facilities and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin.
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Government entity created under the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to enforce the ban on employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex or national origin.
24th Amendment Amendment ratified in 1964 that abolished poll taxes, which had discouraged poor people from voting for decades.
Bloody Sunday Violent suppression of the voting rights march from Selma to Montgomery in Alabama by state troopers, whose violent tactics sparked national outrage and support for the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
John Lewis Civil rights activist who was severely injured on Bloody Sunday and later became known as the “conscience of Congress” for his civil rights work as a member of the House of Representatives.
Voting Rights Act of 1965 Congressional law passed under President Johnson aimed at eliminating legal barriers for African Americans to exercise their right to vote as guaranteed under the 15th Amendment.
Black Muslims Religious group centered around Islam and founded by Elijah Muhammad to promote Black nationalism, separatism and self-improvement.
Malcom X Civil rights leader and Black Muslims member who advocated for African Americans to use self defense against White violence and criticized Martin Luther King Jr. for promoting peaceful civil disobedience.
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) Civil rights organization founded by young students such as John Lewis in 1960 to promote voting rights and end segregation.
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) Civil rights organization formed in 1942 that was created to work more militantly for African Americans rights.
Stokely Carmichael Chairman of SNCC who repudiated nonviolence and advocated “black power” (especially economic power) and racial separatism.
Black Panthers Revolutionary socialist movement founded in 1966 by Huey Newton, Bobby Seale and other African American militants who advocated for self-rule for American blacks.
Watts Black neighborhood in Los Angeles where the arrest of a young African American motorist by white police in 1965 sparked a 6 day race riot that killed 34 people and destroyed more than 700 buildings.
Race Riots Eruptions of violence over race relations, which happened in many of the major cities in the summers between 1965 and 1968 and were investigated by the Kerner Commission.
Kerner Commission Federal investigation into the race riots of the summers between 1965 and 1968 that concluded the inequities created by racism and segregation were chiefly responsible for the riots.
De Jure Segregation Separation of people and discrimination based on race because of the law, such as Jim Crow laws in the South following Reconstruction.
De Facto Segregation Separation of people and discrimination based on race because of racism, which the Civil Rights Movement tried to address after eliminating most of the Jim Crow laws.
Created by: user-1961066
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