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Reading 8.7
America as a World Power
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Decolonization | Process of breaking up colonial empires by giving independence to former colonies, which picked up heavily in the era after WWII. |
| Third World | Term originally used to define countries that remained non-aligned with NATO or the Warsaw Pact during the Cold War, but is now often used to describe developing nations. |
| Middle East | Region of the world centered around the Arabian Peninsula that includes many oil-rich Arab states and Israel. |
| Israel | Newly created country by the U.N. in 1948 as a Jewish state that has led to conflict over land with the Palestinians and conflict with surrounding countries who tried to prevent a Jewish state from being formed. |
| Covert Action | Undercover intervention in the internal politics of other nations, which the United States through the CIA turned to as a cheaper alternative to military intervention during the Cold War. |
| Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) | Civilian foreign intelligence service of the executive branch that used covert action to influence the internal politics of other nations. |
| Iran | Middle Eastern country that the CIA used covert action to overthrow the elected government and reinstate the Shah in response to efforts to nationalize the holdings of foreign companies. |
| Suez Crisis | Diplomatic emergency caused by Egypt seizing and nationalizing an important European owned canal in 1956, which led to a British, French and Israeli invasion that was condemned by the United States. |
| Eisenhower Doctrine | U.S. foreign policy issued in 1957 in which the United States pledged economic and military aid to any Middle Eastern country threatened by communism. |
| Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) | Intergovernmental entity made up of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran and Venezuela aimed at coordinating oil policies to grow their political power. |
| Yom Kippur War | Syrian and Egyptian surprise attack on Israel in 1973 during a Jewish holiday that the Israelis repelled with U.S. arms, which angered the Arab members of OPEC and led to an oil embargo. |
| Oil Embargo | Ban on oil sales to supporters of Israel after the Yom Kippur War in the 1970s, which sparked an international oil crisis and severely hurt the U.S. economy through rapid inflation and job loss. |
| Camp David Accords | Framework for a peace settlement between Israel and Egypt that was mediated by President Carter in 1978 and eventually led to Egypt being the first Arab nation to officially recognize Israel. |
| Iran Hostage Crisis | Diplomatic emergency in 1979 when Iranian militants stormed the U.S. embassy and held 50 American staff members hostage, which President Carter struggled to deal with. |
| Peace Corps | Service organization founded by President Kennedy that recruited young American volunteers to give technical aid to developing countries. |
| Alliance of Progress | U.S. program created by President Kennedy that promoted land reform and economic development in Latin America. |
| Return of the “Big Stick” | President Johnson’s abandoning of Kennedy’s Alliance of Progress in favor of interventionist policies in Latin America to stop the spread of communism. |
| Panama Canal | Major waterway built by the United States through Central America that President Johnson violently protected from local takeover, but President Carter later transferred to local control.. |
| Human Rights Diplomacy | Foreign policy of President Carter that focused on championing the civil rights of peoples all around the world. |
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