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Early Steps in the Civil Rights Movement (1940s and 1950s)

TermDefinition
Jackie Robinson First African American to play on a major league team since the 1880s after being hired by the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947.
Harry S. Truman 33rd President of the United States who used his influence to challenge racial discrimination by establishing the Committee on Civil Rights and desegregating the federal government.
Committee on Civil Rights Temporary government entity created under President Truman in 1946 that investigated civil rights in the United States and recommended desegregating the federal government.
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) Civil rights organization founded to protect and promote the rights of African Americans, including through legal work and support.
Thurgood Marshall Leader of a group of NAACP lawyers who successfully argued that segregation in public schools was illegal based on the 14th Amendment in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka.
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Landmark SCOTUS case that unanimously overturned the Plessy decision by ruling “separate facilities are inherently unequal” and hence unconstitutional.
Earl Warren Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who wrote the unanimous opinion in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka that included “separate facilities are inherently unequal” and hence unconstitutional.
Southern Manifesto Document signed by 101 members of Congress in strong opposition to the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka.
Massive Resistance Campaign among many Southern states to block desegregation at the local, state and nation level after Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka.
Desegregation Ending policies of separating people by race, which was required in public schools after Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, but actively resisted by many Southern states.
Little Rock Nine African American students who enrolled at the formerly all-white Central High School, but were initially blocked from entering by the governor of Arkansas until President Eisenhower sent in troops.
Rosa Parks Active member of the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP who refused to give up her seat on a public bus to a white passenger and was arrested, which sparked the successful Montgomery Bus Boycott.
Martin Luther King Jr. Minister who emerged as an inspirational leader of the Civil Rights Movement during the Montgomery Bus Boycott and pushed for nonviolent tactics such as civil disobedience.
Civil Disobedience Nonviolent refusal to comply with certain laws, which Martin Luther King Jr. was inspired to use as a leader of the Civil Rights Movement from Henry David Thoreau and Mahatma Gandhi.
Montgomery Bus Boycott Successful protest of segregation laws on city buses that involved African Americans refusing to use public transportation in Montgomery until the law was overturned.
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) Religious civil rights organization founded by Martin Luther King Jr. in 1957 to organize churches in the South to get behind the Civil Rights Movement.
Sit-In Movement Form of civil disobedience to protest segregation that involved African Americans deliberately inviting arrest by sitting in restricted areas in segregated places.
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) Civil rights organization founded by young students such as John Lewis in 1960 to promote voting rights and end segregation.
Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960 Modest civil rights laws passed under President Eisenhower that laid the foundation for future laws and were the first such laws to be enacted by Congress since Reconstruction.
Civil Rights Commission Permanent government entity established by the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960 to investigate, report on and make recommendations on civil rights issues.
Created by: user-1961066
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