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Reading 7.11
Interwar Foreign Policy
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Disarmament | Process of reducing a country’s supply and power of weapons, such as many of the international treaties required after WWI. |
| Washington Conference | International diplomatic meeting between major world powers in 1921 that resulted in three major treaties aimed at disarmament and reducing tension in the Pacific. |
| Five-Power Treaty | International agreement made at the Washington Conference between the countries with the largest navies to reduce the number of battleships and reduce tensions in the Pacific. |
| Four-Power Treaty | International agreement made at the Washington Conference between the United States, France, Great Britain and Japan to respect one another’s territory in the Pacific. |
| Nine-Power Treaty | International agreement made between the nine countries in attendance at the Washington Conference to respect the Open Door Policy by guaranteeing the territorial integrity of China. |
| Kellogg-Briand Pact | International agreement made between most of the countries of the world that renounced the aggressive use of force to achieve national ends, but lacked an enforcement mechanism. |
| War Debts | Money owed to another country that was borrowed in order to fund military operations during conflict, which was a major issue for many European countries after WWI. |
| War Reparations | Payments made after a military conflict from one side to the other to cover damages or injury inflicted during the conflict, such as the large payments Germany was required to make after WWI. |
| Dawes Plan | Scheme created by an American banker for the United States to help Germany fulfill its war reparations obligations from WWI in order to help the Allies fulfill their debt obligations to the United States. |
| Japanese Aggression in Manchuria | Greatest threat to world peace in the early 1930s, Japan defied both the Open Door Policy and the League of Nations by invading a northeastern region of China. |
| Stimson Doctrine | Diplomatic decree by the United States that as a signer of the Nine-Powers Treaty, the United States would refuse to recognize any regime like “Manchukuo” that had been established by force. |
| Good-Neighbor Policy | President Franklin Roosevelt’s diplomatic approach to Latin American countries that involved pivoting from interventionism to mutual friendly relations. |
| Pan-American Conferences | Diplomatic meetings between nations of the Western Hemisphere and where President Franklin Roosevelt pledged to stop intervening in the internal affairs of Latin American countries. |
| Recognition of the Soviet Union | President Franklin Roosevelt granted diplomatic legitimacy to the Communist regime in Russia for the first time in order to increase trade and boost the American economy. |
| Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934) | Congressional law passed under President Franklin Roosevelt that laid the foundation for the eventual independence of the Philippines and removal of U.S. troops. |
| Reciprocal Trade Agreements | International economic understandings that President Franklin Roosevelt used to lower tariffs and promote international trade in order to boost the American economy. |
| Axis Powers | Military alliance formed in 1940 between Germany, Italy and Japan. |
| Benito Mussolini | Fascist dictator of Italy who formed a military alliance with Germany and Japan to form the Axis Powers in WWII. |
| Fascist Party | Italian political party led by Benito Mussolini and made up of dissatisfied war veterans, extreme nationalists and anti-communists. |
| Fascism | Extreme political ideology in which citizens glorify their nation and their race through uniformity and aggressive shows of force against dissenters and potential foreign opposition. |
| Nazi Party | Fascist German political party led by Adolf Hitler that rose to prominence in the 1920s in reaction to the deplorable economic conditions after WWI and nation resentment over the Treaty of Versailles. |
| Adolf Hitler | Fascist dictator of Germany and leader of the Nazi Party who formed a military alliance with Italy and Japan to form the Axis Powers in WWII and promoted genocide against multiple groups. |
| Isolationism | Policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, especially the political affairs of other countries, which the United States followed during the interwar period. |
| Gerald Nye | Senator of North Dakota who led an investigative committee and concluded that U.S. entry into WWI was a mistake driven by the greed of bankers and arms manufacturers. |
| Neutrality Acts | Series of Congressional laws aimed at keeping the United States neutral when WWII broke out by regulating and restricting trade with belligerent nations. |
| Spanish Civil War | Spanish internal struggle between Fascists led by General Francisco Franco and supporters of republicanism known as Loyalists, which ended in a Fascist victory. |
| Francisco Franco | Fascist general in Spain who won the Spanish Civil War and established a military dictatorship. |
| America First Committee | Isolationist propaganda organization supported by Charles Lindbergh that was created in response to President Franklin Roosevelt’s perceived pro-British policies |
| Charles Lindbergh | Aviation hero who strongly believed in American isolationism and joined the America First Committee to try and keep the United States out of WWII. |
| Ethiopia (1935) | Italian invasion of an African country to prove fascism’s military might, which the League of Nations and the United States opposed, but did nothing to stop. |
| Rhineland (1936) | Region in western Germany that was supposed to remain demilitarized according to the Treaty of Versailles, but was remilitarized by Hitler when he sent in German troops. |
| China (1937) | Full-scale war broke out when Japan invaded this Asian country, which included the sinking of a U.S. gunboat, but the United States quickly accepted Japan’s apology for the sinking. |
| Sudetenland (1938) | Strip of land in Czechoslovakia where most people were German-speaking, which Hitler insisted that Germany had a right to claim as German territory. |
| Munich (1938) | Meeting between Great Britain, France and Germany that resulted in Germany being allowed to take the Sudetenland in exchange for promises of peace, which became a policy known as appeasement. |
| Appeasement | Policy of conceding to an aggressive power in order to avoid conflict, such as Great Britain and France allowing Germany to take the Sudetenland unopposed in exchange for promises of peace. |
| Quarantine Speech | President Franklin Roosevelt’s extremely unpopular address in 1937 in which he proposed democracies work together to contain Fascist aggressors. |
| Poland (1939) | German and Soviet invasion of a European country that caused Great Britain and France to declare war on Germany, which many historians view as the official start of WWII. |
| Blitzkrieg | German term meaning lightning war, which has been applied to Germany’s swift invasion of Poland because of its overwhelming use of air power and fast-moving tanks. |
| Cash and Carry | Less restrictive Neutrality Act in which belligerents could buy U.S. arms if they used their own ships and paid cash, which was technically neutral, but favored the naval dominance of the British. |
| Selective Training and Service Act (1940) | Congressional law passed under President Franklin Roosevelt that created a peacetime compulsory draft in preparation for a potential United States entry into WWII. |
| Destroyers-for Bases Deal | Agreement made in 1940 in which the British received 50 older U.S. destroyers in exchange for the United States being able to build military bases on British islands in the Caribbean. |
| Third Term (FDR) | President Franklin Roosevelt ran for and won a record third term as president, which violated the two term precedent established by George Washington. |
| Wendell Willkie | Republican nominee for the presidency in the election of 1940 who criticized President Franklin Roosevelt for trying to violate the two term precedent established by George Washington. |
| Four Freedoms Speech | President Franklin Roosevelt’s address in 1941 in which he justified greater support for the British by arguing the United States needed to help other nations defend four freedoms. |
| Lend-Lease Act (1941) | Congressional law passed under President Franklin Roosevelt that allowed the British to purchase war supplies on credit, which was extremely unpopular among isolationists. |
| Atlantic Charter | Peace plan for the world created by President Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill in 1941, which included principles such as self-determination and free trade. |
| Pearl Harbor | Major U.S. military port in Hawaii that the Japanese attacked without warning on December 7, 1941 in an effort to destroy the U.S. Pacific Fleet, which officially drew the United States into WWII. |
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