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Reading 7.10
New Deal
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Franklin D. Roosevelt | 32nd President of the United States who cruised to victory against Herbert Hoover in the election of 1932 and led the nation through the Great Depression with the New Deal and WWII. |
| Lame-Duck President | Politician who holds the office of the presidency after the successor has been elected, but not yet taken office, such as President Hoover after the election of 1932. |
| 20th Amendment | Amendment that moved the presidential inauguration to January in order to reduce the lame-duck period. |
| Eleanor Roosevelt | First Lady and political activist who pushed President Franklin Roosevelt to support women, African Americans and those in need. |
| New Deal | President Franklin Roosevelt’s domestic program during the Great Depression that utilized Keynesian economics to serve the three R’s; relief, recovery and reform. |
| Three R’s (Relief, Recovery, Reform) | Pillars of President Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal domestic program that was meant to help pull the United States out of the Great Depression. |
| Brain Trust | Group of university professors and economic experts that President Franklin Roosevelt turned to for advice on how to handle the Great Depression. |
| Frances Perkins | President Franklin Roosevelt’s Secretary of Labor and the first woman ever to serve in a president’s cabinet. |
| Hundred Days | Special session of Congress at the beginning of Franklin Roosevelt’s presidency in which a significant amount of New Deal legislation was passed and New Deal agencies were created. |
| Bank Holiday | President Franklin Roosevelt’s closure of all banks for four days in order to stop the large amount of bank failures and restore American confidence in the banking system. |
| Repeal of Prohibition | Campaign promise by President Franklin Roosevelt to repeal the 18th Amendment and allow the manufacture and sale of alcohol, which was accomplished with the 21st Amendment. |
| Fireside Chats | Radio messages President Franklin Roosevelt broadcasted to the American people in order to promote his New Deal agenda and restore confidence in the American economy. |
| Roosevelt’s Alphabet Soup | New Deal laws and government organizations passed under President Franklin Roosevelt to help combat the economic strife of the Great Depression. |
| Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) | New Deal government agency that offered grants of federal money to states that operated soup kitchens and other forms of relief. |
| Public Works Administration (PWA) | New Deal government agency that allotted money to state and local governments for construction projects and public works. |
| Harold Ickes | Secretary of the Interior under President Franklin Roosevelt who also oversaw the Public Works Administration. |
| Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) | New Deal government agency that employed young men on environmental projects on federal lands. |
| Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) | New Deal government agency that invested heavily in one of the nation’s poorest regions by building dams, electric power plants and flood/erosion controls. |
| Emergency Banking Relief Act | New Deal law that authorized the government to examine the finances of banks closed during the bank holiday and reopen those judged to be sound. |
| Glass-Steagall Act | New Deal law that increased regulation of the banks and limited how banks could invest customers’ money. |
| Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) | New Deal government agency that helped restore confidence in banks by guaranteeing individual bank deposits up to a certain amount. |
| Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) | New Deal government agency that provided refinancing of small homes to prevent foreclosures. |
| Farm Credit Administration | New Deal government agency that provided low-interest loans and mortgages to prevent foreclosures on the property of farmers. |
| National Recovery Administration (NRA) | New Deal government agency that attempted to guarantee reasonable profits for business and fair wages and hours for workers before being struck down by SCOTUS. |
| Schechter v. United States | Landmark SCOTUS case that ruled the National Recovery Administration unconstitutional. |
| Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) | New Deal government agency that encouraged farmers to reduce production through subsidies, which was ruled unconstitutional by SCOTUS. |
| Civil Works Administration (CWA) | New Deal government agency that hired laborers for temporary construction projects sponsored by the federal government. |
| Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) | New Deal government agency created to regulate the stock market and protect investors from fraud and insider trading. |
| Federal Housing Administration (FHA) | New Deal government agency that insured bank loans for building, repairing and purchasing houses, but controversially redlined and excluded African American neighborhoods. |
| Second New Deal | New round of laws and government agencies created under President Franklin Roosevelt starting in 1935, which predominantly focused on relief and reform. |
| Harry Hopkins | Director of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) and the Works Progress Administration (WPA) who eventually oversaw the Lend-Lease program. |
| Works Progress Administration (WPA) | New Deal government agency that became the largest employer in the United States by putting people and artists to work on public works and art projects. |
| Resettlement Administration (RA) | New Deal government agency that established federal camps for migrant workers in need of decent housing and provided loans to sharecroppers, tenants and small farmers |
| National Labor Relations (Wagner) Act (1935) | New Deal law that guaranteed a worker’s right to join a union, guaranteed a union’s right to bargain collectively and established the National Labor Relations Board. |
| Rural Electrification Administration (REA) | New Deal government agency that provided loans for electrical cooperatives to supply power in rural areas. |
| Social Security Act | New Deal law that created a federal insurance program for the unemployed and disabled along with a retirement program for those over the age of 65, which was paid for through a new tax. |
| Limited Welfare State | Government that regulates economic activity and aids the poor and unemployed in order to provide economic security for everyone, which is the basis for modern American liberalism. |
| Modern American Liberalism | Political ideology heavily influenced by President Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal, which involves the government operating as a limited welfare state. |
| Election of 1936 | Presidential campaign between incumbent Franklin Roosevelt and Republican Alf Landon, which marked a political realignment with the New Deal coalition and a massive victory for Roosevelt. |
| Alf Landon | Republican nominee for the presidency in the election of 1936 who criticized Democrats for spending too much money, but in general accepted most of the New Deal legislation. |
| New Deal Coalition | Democratic political alliance under President Franklin Roosevelt that included the Solid South, white ethnic groups in cities, Midwestern farmers, labor unions, liberals and African Americans. |
| Father Charles E. Coughlin | Major critic of the New Deal who called for issuing an inflated currency and nationalizing all banks and was eventually ordered by the Catholic Church to stop his broadcasts. |
| Francis E. Townsend | Major critic of the New Deal who called for a national retirement system paid for by a 2 percent federal sales tax. |
| Huey Long | Major critic of the New Deal who proposed a new tax on the wealthy to pay for a “Share Our Wealth” program and was eventually assassinated by a local political rival. |
| Supreme Court | Highest federal court in the United States with the power to rule actions of the other branches unconstitutional, which happened multiple times with the New Deal such as the NRA and AAA. |
| Supreme Court Reorganization Plan | President Franklin Roosevelt’s unpopular proposed legislation to create a friendly Supreme Court to the New Deal by expanding the number of justices. |
| John L. Lewis | President of the United Mine Workers who became the leader of the newly formed Committee of Industrial Organizations (eventually the Congress of Industrial Organizations). |
| Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) | Coalition of industrial unions that broke away from the AFL and focused on organizing unskilled industrial workers. |
| Sit-Down Strike | Shutdown of a factory that involves workers literally sitting on the factory floor and refusing to work or leave, such as the successful formation of the United Auto Workers Union at General Motors. |
| Fair Labor Standards Act (1938) | New Deal law that established regulations in interstate commerce such as a minimum wage, standard workweek of 40 hours and child labor restrictions. |
| Minimum Wage | Lowest legal payment an employer can offer a worker per hour, which was established nationally for interstate commerce by the Fair Labor Standards Act. |
| Recession, 1937-1938 | Economic downturn partially caused by President Franklin Roosevelt trying to reduce government spending that erased much of the economic improvement created during the New Deal. |
| John Maynard Keynes | British economist who proposed that governments needed to spend well above their tax revenue during times of crisis to initiate economic growth (deficit spending). |
| Keynesian Economics | Economic theory that governments needed to spend well above their tax revenue during times of crisis to initiate economic growth (deficit spending). |
| Depression Mentality | Attitude of insecurity and economic concern that greatly affected Americans who lived through the Great Depression, even after the economy rebounded. |
| Drought | Period of abnormally low rainfall that leads to a shortage of water, such as in the Great Plains during the early 1930s, which helped create the Dust Bowl. |
| Dust Bowl | Ecological and agricultural disaster in the early 1930s in the Great Plains caused by overfarming and a major drought, which forced many farmers to migrate to California in search of work. |
| Okies | Thousands of farmers from Oklahoma who migrated to California in the early 1930s in search of work after the Dust Bowl made farming virtually impossible in the Great Plains. |
| John Steinbeck | Novelist and author of The Grapes of Wrath, a novel which focused on the economic heartbreak and hardships facing Okies as a result of the Dust Bowl. |
| The Grapes of Wrath | Novel written by John Steinbeck which focused on the economic heartbreak and hardships facing Okies as a result of the Dust Bowl. |
| Marian Anderson | Distinguished African American singer who was denied use of Constitution Hall, but secured the Lincoln Memorial as a new venue with help from Elenor Roosevelt and Harold Ickes. |
| Mary McLeod Bethune | Civil rights activist and educator who became a direct advisor to President Franklin Roosevelt and the informal leader of the “Black Cabinet.” |
| Fair Employment Practices Committee | Government entity created by an executive order from President Franklin Roosevelt that assisted minorities in gaining jobs in defense industries. |
| A. Philip Randolph | Civil rights and labor activist who convinced President Franklin Roosevelt to create the Fair Employment Practices Committee after threatening a worker march on Washington D.C. |
| Indian Reorganization Act (Wheeler-Howard Act) (1934) | New Deal law that repealed the Dawes Act, returned former reservation lands to tribal control and promoted the preservation of Native American culture. |
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