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Reading 7.8
1920s: Cultural and Political Controversies
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Modernism | Cultural and spiritual movement of the 1920s, in which some Protestants took a critical view of certain passages in the Bible and accepted new concepts, such as Darwin’s theory of evolution. |
| Fundamentalism | Cultural and spiritual movement of the 1920s, in which some Protestants believed every word in the Bible was true literally and embraced doctrines such as creationism over evolution. |
| Revivalists | Popular fundamentalist preachers of the 1920s who often utilized the radio to reach national audiences. |
| Billy Sunday | Popular revivalist and radio evangelist who drew large crowds with his fundamentalist messages and attacks on drinking, gambling and dancing. |
| Aimee Semple McPherson | Popular revivalist and radio evangelist from Los Angeles who condemned communism and the moral impact of jazz music. |
| Scopes Trial | Tennessee court case over a state law banning the teaching of evolution in public schools, which technically ended in a victory for fundamentalists, but was viewed as a larger win for modernists. |
| Clarence Darrow | Famous Chicago lawyer for the defense in the Scopes Trial who ultimately lost the case, but was given credit by the Northern press for discrediting William Jennings Bryan and fundamentalism. |
| Prohibition | Outlawing the manufacture and sale of alcohol, which temperance leaders achieved at the state level in two-thirds of the states by 1915 and the national level with the 18th Amendment in 1920. |
| Volstead Act (1919) | Congressional law that gave the national government the authority to enforce Prohibition through the 18th amendment. |
| Al Capone | Chicago gangster and crime boss known for using extreme violence to corner the market on the illegal and lucrative bootlegging industry during Prohibition. |
| Organized Crime | Enterprises set up for the purpose of engaging in illegal activities, such as Al Capone and bootlegging during Prohibition. |
| 21st Amendment | Amendment that was ratified during the Great Depression, which repealed the 18th Amendment and ended Prohibition. |
| Quota Laws | Congressional acts passed in 1921 and 1924 that severely limited immigration to the United States in response to nativist fears and the Red Scare. |
| Sacco and Vanzetti | Italian immigrants and anarchists who were tried and executed for murder in the 1920s and whose trial showcased nativist attitudes because the evidence against them was circumstantial at best. |
| Ku Klux Klan | White supremacy group who reemerged during the 1920s and gained political power in the South/Midwest by using extreme tactics and violence to intimidate African Americans and White reformers. |
| Birth of a Nation | Popular silent film about the Ku Klux Klan during Reconstruction that portrayed them as heroes and partially led to the resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan during the 1920s. |
| African Americans | Group of Americans who were the main targets of the violence of the Ku Klux Klan during the 1920s as part of the Ku Klux Klan’s racist and nativist beliefs. |
| Foreigners | Group of Americans targeted by the Ku Klux Klan for being “un-American” as part of the Ku Klux Klan’s racist and nativist beliefs. |
| Suspected Communists | Group of Americans targeted by the Ku Klux Klan for harboring “un-American” political ideology as part of the Ku Klux Klan’s racist and nativist beliefs. |
| Gertrude Stein | American author who coined the term “lost generation” to describe the leading American authors after WWI, who bitterly condemned the sacrifices of wartime as fraud perpetrated by money interests. |
| Lost Generation | Term used to describe the leading American authors after WWI, who bitterly condemned the sacrifices of wartime as fraud perpetrated by money interests. |
| F. Scott Fitzgerald | Lost Generation author known for stories and novels, such as The Great Gatsby, that both glorified and criticized the wild lives of the carefree and prosperous population of the 1920s. |
| Ernest Hemingway | Lost Generation author known for stories and novels, such as A Farewell to Arms, that reflected the disillusionment and despair facing the generation who fought in WWI. |
| Sinclair Lewis | Lost Generation author known for stories and novels, such as Main Street, that criticized American capitalism and materialism in the interwar period. |
| Ezra Pound | Lost Generation and modernist poet whose work reflected the disillusionment facing many people after WWI and often criticized capitalism and materialism in the interwar period. |
| T. S. Eliot | Lost Generation and modernist poet and literary critic whose work reflected the disillusionment and despair facing the generation who fought in WWI. |
| Eugene O'Neill | Lost Generation playwright whose work reflected the disillusionment and despair facing the generation who fought in WWI. |
| Edward Hopper | American painter whose work during the 1920s was inspired by the architecture of American cities to explore loneliness and isolation of urban life. |
| Regional Artists | Painters such as Grant Wood and Thomas Hart Benton who celebrated the rural people of the 1920s and painted scenes of the heartland of America. |
| Grant Wood | Regional artist who celebrated the rural people of the 1920s and painted scenes of the heartland of America. |
| Thomas Hart Benton | Regional artist who celebrated the rural people of the 1920s and painted scenes of the heartland of America. |
| George Gershwin | American composer and son of Russian-Jewish immigrants who blended jazz and classical music in his symphonic Rhapsody in Blue and the folk opera Porgy and Bess. |
| Morals | A person or society’s standards of behavior or beliefs concerning what is and is not acceptable for them to do, which started to drastically change during the 1920s. |
| Sigmund Freud | Austrian psychiatrist who influenced the moral changes of the 1920s through his writings on the role of sexual repression in mental illness. |
| Margaret Sanger | Women’s rights activist who encouraged women to talk openly about birth control, founded the Birth Control Clinic, and attempted to end poverty and abuse among young women. |
| Fashion | Style of clothing that is popular, such as the flapper look during the 1920s that involved dresses hemmed at the knee instead of the ankle and bobbed or short cut hair. |
| High School Education | Higher level of education that became almost universal for students in the United States during the 1920s. |
| Migration from the South | Part of the Great Migration, many African Americans left the South for Northern cities in search of economic opportunity and to escape the Jim Crow laws of the South. |
| Harlem Renaissance | Flowering of black culture in New York’s Harlem neighborhood during the 1920s in which African American music, literature and art reflected the unique African American experience. |
| Countee Cullen | Influential poet, novelist, children's writer and playwright of the Harlem Renaissance who also promoted the work of other African American writers. |
| Langston Hughes | Influential poet, novelist, playwright, and columnist of the Harlem Renaissance who also became a social activist and civil rights advocate. |
| James Weldon Johnson | Influential poet and writer of the Harlem Renaissance who also was a major civil rights activist and leader of the NAACP. |
| Claude McKay | Influential poet and author of the Harlem Renaissance who utilized his unique perspective as a Jamaican-American in his literary works. |
| Duke Ellington | Influential pianist, composer and band leader of the Harlem Renaissance who helped spread the popularity of jazz through his band’s performances at the Cotton Club in Harlem. |
| Louis Armstrong | Influential trumpeter and vocalist of the Harlem Renaissance who helped spread the popularity of jazz and partially shifted the focus of jazz from collective improvisation to solo performance. |
| Bessie Smith | Influential singer of the Harlem Renaissance who earned the nickname “Empress of the Blues” and helped spread the popularity of the blues. |
| Paul Robeson | Influential singer and actor of the Harlem Renaissance who received great acclaim for his Broadway and film roles. |
| Marcus Garvey | Jamaican American who advocated for racial pride for African Americans, developed political ideas of Black nationalism, and renewed interest in a back-to-Africa movement. |
| Back-to-Africa Movement | Idea supported by Marcus Garvey for African Americans to move to Africa to escape racism and Jim Crow laws in the United States |
| Black Pride | Movement which encourages black people to celebrate black culture and embrace their African heritage. |
| Warren G. Harding | Republican president who believed in laissez-faire economics and oversaw rapid economic growth in the early 1920s, but whose administration was embroiled in multiple corruption scandals. |
| Charles Evans Hughes | Well respected lawyer and Supreme Court justice who President Harding appointed to be Secretary of State and who served as chairman of the Washington Conference after WWI. |
| Andrew Mellon | Pittsburgh industrialist and millionaire who President Harding appointed to be Secretary of the Treasury. |
| Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act (1922) | Increased Congressional tax on foreign goods passed under the Harding Administration to promote domestic businesses. |
| Bureau of the Budget | Government entity created under the Harding Administration with procedures for all government expenditures to be placed in a single budget for Congress to review and vote on. |
| Albert B. Fall | Secretary of the Interior under President Harding who was involved with the Teapot Dome Scandal. |
| Harry M. Daugherty | Attorney General under President Harding who took bribes for agreeing not to prosecute certain criminal suspects. |
| Teapot Dome Scandal | Government corruption in the Harding Administration in which Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall accepted bribes for granting oil leases in Wyoming on the cheap to private companies. |
| Calvin Coolidge | President Harding’s vice president and successor after President Harding died of a heart attack who believed strongly in laissez-faire economics. |
| Herbert Hoover | Self-made millionaire and Secretary of Commerce under President Harding who became president in 1928 and refused to let the government intervene at the start of the Great Depression. |
| Alfred E. Smith | Former governor of New York and democratic nominee for president in 1928 who lost to Herbet Hoover because of Republican popularity and a progressive split in the Democratic Party. |
| Consumer Culture | Influence of materialism and prosperity on society, which was especially apparent in the United States during the 1920s. |
| Frederick Lewis Allen | Historian and author who argued American society in the 1920s abandoned Progressive reforms for consumerism and conservative republican policies. |
| Only Yesterday | Book written by historian Frederick Lewis Allen who argued American society in the 1920s abandoned Progressive reforms for consumerism and conservative republican policies. |
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