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Reading 7.6
WWI: Home Front
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Mobilization | Action of a government preparing and organizing the country for active service, such as the Wilson administration rapidly pivoting the U.S. economy to war production in order to enter WWI. |
| War Industries Board | Government agency led by Bernard Baruch, which set production priorities and established centralized control over raw materials and prices in order to prepare for U.S. entry into WWI. |
| Food Administration | Government agency led by Herbert Hoover, which successfully encouraged American households to eat less meat and bread so that more food could be shipped abroad to Allied troops. |
| Railroad Administration | Government agency led by Treasury Secretary William McAdoo, which took public control of the railroads to coordinate traffic and promote standardized railroad equipment. |
| National War Labor Board | Government agency led by former President Taft, which helped arbitrate disputes between workers and employers, such as higher wages and the eight-hour work day. |
| Liberty Bonds | War bonds issued by the U.S. Treasury in four installments between 1917 and 1918 as a means to finance the Allied war effort in Europe and U.S. participation in WWI. |
| George Creel | Journalist and leader of the Committee on Public Information, which enlisted the voluntary services of artists, writers, vaudeville performers and movie stars to promote the U.S. war effort in WWI. |
| Committee on Public Information | Propaganda government agency led by George Creel, which enlisted the services of artists, writers, vaudeville performers and movie stars to promote the U.S. war effort in WWI. |
| Barred Zone Act (1917) | Congressional law that prohibited anyone residing in a region from the Middle East to southeast Asia from entering the United States and implemented a literacy test for immigrants. |
| Espionage Act (1917) | Congressional law that provided for imprisonment of up to 20 years for persons who tried to incite rebellion in the armed forces or obstructed the draft. |
| Sedition Act (1918) | Congressional law that went far beyond the Espionage Act by prohibiting anyone from making “disloyal” or “abusive” remarks about the U.S. government. |
| Eugene V. Debs | Labor advocate and Socialist leader who was sentenced to ten years in federal prison for speaking out against U.S. participation in WWI. |
| Schenck v. United States | Landmark SCOTUS case that upheld the constitutionality of the Espionage Act by ruling that free speech could be limited when it represented a "clear and present danger" to public safety. |
| Selective Service Act (1917) | Congressional law that established the draft lottery system still in use today and was specifically created to help raise troops for U.S. entry into WWI. |
| Service by African Americans | Unfulfilled hope held by W.E.B. Du Bois that the almost 400,000 African Americans who served valiantly in WWI in segregated units would have equal rights when they returned. |
| Jobs for Women | Increased employment opportunities for women as men volunteered for or were drafted into the military during WWI, which contributed to the war cause and increased support for women’s suffrage. |
| Migration of Mexicans | Thousands of Mexicans came to the United States for job opportunities created by the war effort during WWI, but also to escape the upheavals of a revolution in Mexico. |
| The Great Migration | Large scale movement of African Americans from the South into the North because of deteriorating race relations in the South and employment opportunities in the North because of the war effort. |
| 1918 Pandemic | Severe influenza outbreak that infected an estimated 500 million people worldwide and claimed an estimated 50 million lives, but the rapid spread was underreported to keep up morale during war. |
| Recession | Economic downturn, such as the economic plunge that occurred in 1921 after the business boom of war efforts during WWI stopped and unemployment levels reached 10%. |
| Red Scare | Widespread anti-Communist hysteria in the United States following WWI, which resulted in immigration restrictions and the dangerous Palmer Raids. |
| Anti-German Hysteria | Widespread fear and negative feelings toward anything or anyone German, which occurred in the United States during WWI. |
| Anti-communist Hysteria | Widespread fear and negative feelings toward anything or anyone communist, which happened during the Red Scare after WWI. |
| Xenophobia | Prejudice against people from other countries, which became widespread in the United States during and after WWI through events such as the Red Scare. |
| Palmer Raids | Mass investigations and arrests of suspected anarchists, socialists and labor agitators based on limited to no criminal evidence as part of the Red Scare. |
| Strikes of 1919 | Series of labor disputes in 1919 that ended with troops being called in, some of which ended in considerable violence. |
| Race Riots | Eruptions of violence over race relations, such as the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre, in which white mobs destroyed over 1,000 Black-owned homes and businesses in an area known as Black Wall Street. |
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