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WWI: Military and Diplomacy

TermDefinition
Neutrality U.S. government’s tradition of noninvolvement in foreign affairs, which was started by President Washington and President Jefferson and continued at first by President Wilson in regards to WWI.
Allied Powers Victorious alliance of Great Britain, France and Russia against the Central Powers during WWI, which the United States eventually joined upon its entrance to the war.
Central Powers Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire that was defeated by the Allied Powers during WWI.
Submarine Warfare New type of underwater naval weapons that Germany used to great effect during WWI, however, Germany’s unrestricted use of the weapons helped push the United States into the war.
Sinking of the Lusitania British passenger liner destroyed by German submarines, which resulted in 128 American deaths and pushed the United States toward entering WWI.
Sussex Pledge German diplomatic promise to the United States to not sink merchant or passenger ships without giving due warning after sinking the Lusitania, Arabic and Sussex.
Propaganda Media used to influence public opinion, such as the British supplying stories of German war atrocities to the American press to sway U.S. popular opinion toward the Allied Powers.
Ethnic Influences Sympathies toward various countries of the Allied and Central Powers based on ancestry, such as German-American sympathy toward Germany.
Preparedness Concept of greater defense expenditures when a country is not at war in order to be ready for a potential major conflict, such as the United States before entering WWI.
Jeannette Rankin First woman elected to Congress and a peace-minded Progressive who voted against U.S. entry into WWI and was the only vote against U.S. entry into WWII.
Election of 1916 Presidential election in which the Republic Party reunified, but President Wilson still won because of his strong Progressive leadership and neutrality views.
“He Kept Us Out of War” Successful campaign slogan for Democratic President Wilson’s reelection campaign in the election of 1916 that focused on President Wilson’s views on neutrality.
Edward House President Wilson’s chief foreign policy adviser and U.S. colonel who tried unsuccessfully to negotiate a peace settlement to WWI between Great Britain, France and Germany.
Zimmerman Telegram Telegram from a German foreign minister to Mexican officials proposing an alliance against the United States, which was intercepted by the British, published and sparked American outrage.
Russian Revolution Overthrow of the Russian Czar and the creation of a republic in March of 1917, which transitioned to a communist revolution in November of 1917.
Declaration of War Official government announcement of hostilities with another nation, such as Congress overwhelmingly voting in favor of hostilities with the Central Powers in April 1917.
Bolsheviks Russian Communists who took over Russia in November of 1917 and eventually removed Russia from WWI by signing a peace treaty with the Central Powers in 1918.
American Expeditionary Force (AEF) U.S. Army troops led by General Pershing that were sent to Europe once the United States entered WWI in 1917 in order to help the Allied Powers defeat the Central Powers.
John J. Pershing U.S. Army General who led an “expeditionary force” in a failed pursuit of Pancho Villa and who later became the successful leader of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) during WWI.
Western Front Line of trenches and fortifications between Allied Powers and German forces that was known for fierce fighting, high casualties and being the focus of German efforts after the Russian surrender.
November 11, 1918 Day that the Germans agreed to an armistice, officially ending fighting in WWI, but setting the stage for tense peace negotiations between the Allied Powers.
“Peace Without Victory” Famous speech President Wilson gave to Congress in January of 1917, in which he stated he hoped to diplomatically end WWI and laid out his peace ambitions for the postwar world.
Fourteen Points President Wilson’s idealistic peace program for WWI, which included arms reduction, free trade, self-determination and the creation of a League of Nations to protect peace and resolve conflicts.
Big Four Leaders of the victorious Allied Powers in WWI, which included David Llyod George of Great Britain, Georges Clemenceau of France, Vittorio Orlando of Italy and President Wilson for the United States.
Treaty of Versailles Peace agreement forced on Germany after WWI that did not include many of President Wilson’s 14 Points, severely punished Germany and ultimately was not agreed to by the United States.
Self-Determination Idea that various peoples should get to form their own state and choose their own government, which was part of President Wilson’s 14 Points.
League of Nations International diplomatic organization pushed for by President Wilson as part of his 14 Points, which was created through the Treaty of Versailles, but was rejected by the United States Senate.
Article X Controversial part of the League of Nations charter that would force the United States to enter into international conflicts if a member of the League of Nations was attacked, which infuriated isolationists.
Henry Cabot Lodge Leading Senate Republican who led the reservationist faction in opposition to the Treaty of Versailles, specifically Article X of the League of nations charter.
Irreconcilables Senators who could not accept U.S. membership in the League of Nations because of Article X and it did not matter to them what reservations were added.
Reservationists Senators who could accept U.S. membership to the League of Nations, but only if certain reservations were added to Article X of the League of Nations charter.
Rejection of the Treaty of Versailles Senate vote to oppose the Treaty of Versailles, which resulted in the United States not joining the League of Nations and signing a separate peace treaty with Germany.
Created by: user-1961066
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