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Reading 7.4
Progressives
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Progressivism | Movement of a diverse group of reformers in the early 1900s who believed that the government needed to make societal changes to limit the power of big business and strengthen social justice. |
| Urban Middle Class | Relatively financially stable people who typically were white-collar workers that lived in cities and generally made up the bulk of Progressivism's support. |
| Professional Associations | Organizations of specific licensed workers that provided platforms to address corrupt business and government practices and urban social and economic problems. |
| Protestants | Group of Christians who typically supported the Social Gospel popularized by Walter Rauschenbush as a response to the problem of urban poverty. |
| Older Stock | Families of older elites who were often native-born Protestants and felt that their central role in society had been replaced by wealthy industrialists and urban political machines. |
| Pragmatism | Philosophy that challenged romantic transcendentalism by arguing the true value of an idea lay in its ability to solve problems and the use of experimentation to discover solutions to societal problems. |
| William James | Philosopher who helped develop the idea of pragmatism by arguing truth should be able to pass the public test of observable results in an open, democratic society. |
| John Dewey | Leading advocate for pragmatism who applied it to education by promoting learning through experience. |
| Frederick W. Taylor | Efficiency expert who developed the scientific management system to organize factory workers in the most efficient ways possible by standardizing tools, equipment and methods. |
| Scientific Management | System of organizing workers in the most efficient ways possible by standardizing tools, equipment and methods, which was developed by Frederick W. Taylor. |
| Muckrakers | Progressive investigative journalists who created in-depth articles to inspire reform of societal ills such as child labor, corrupt political bosses and monopolistic business practices. |
| Henry Demarest Lloyd | Early muckraker from Chicago who in 1881 wrote a series of articles for the Atlantic Monthly attacking the practices of the Standard Oil Company and the railroads. |
| Standard Oil Company | Oil company and trust founded by John D. Rockefeller, which grew to control nearly all American oil production and distribution and formulated the horizontal integration business tactic. |
| Lincoln Steffens | Muckraker who wrote a series of articles called Tweed Days in St. Louis in McClure’s Magazine in 1902, which exposed corruption in city government and political machines. |
| Ida Tarbell | Muckraker who wrote a series of articles called The History of the Standard Oil Company in McClure’s Magazine in 1902, which exposed the monopolistic practices of Standard Oil. |
| Jacob Riis | Muckraker who in 1890 published How the Other Half Lives, a book of photographs that exposed the terrible and unsanitary living conditions for the urban poor in tenements. |
| How the Other Half Lives | Book of photographs that exposed the terrible and unsanitary living conditions for the urban poor in tenements that was published by muckraker Jacob Riis. |
| Theodore Dreiser | Muckraking novelist who published The Financier and The Titan, fictional tales that portrayed the avarice and ruthlessness of industrialists. |
| Secret Ballot (Australian Ballot) | Voting tickets printed and issued by state governments that required voters to mark their choices secretly in a private booth in order to prevent voter intimidation. |
| Robert La Follette | Progressive governor of Wisconsin who in 1903 introduced the direct primary, a new system for bypassing politicians and placing the nominating process directly in the hands of the voters. |
| Direct Primary | New system for bypassing politicians and placing the nominating process directly in the hands of the voters that was introduced in 1903 by Wisconsin Governor Robert La Follette. |
| 17th Amendment | Progressive amendment that required all U.S. Senators be elected directly by the people through popular vote. |
| Initiative | Method introduced at the state and local level by Progressives by which voters can put a proposed statute on the ballot. |
| Referendum | Method introduced at the state and local level by Progressives by which citizens can vote to uphold or repeal a law. |
| Recall | Method introduced at the state and local level by Progressives by which citizens can vote to remove a politician from office before that official’s term has expired. |
| Municipal Reform | Changes to political policies and programs at the local level, which Progressives such as Toledo Mayor Samuel M. Jones used to offer free kindergartens, night schools and public playgrounds. |
| Public Utilities | Local government ownership over water, gas lines, electricity and urban transportation systems, which many Progressives pushed for and achieved in cities across the United States. |
| Commission Plan | Local form of government advanced by Progressives, in which voters elected the heads of city departments and not just the mayor. |
| Manager-Council Plan | Local form of government advanced by Progressives that spread rapidly, in which an elected city council hired an expert manager to direct the work of various city departments. |
| Charles Evans Hughes | Progressive New York governor known for instituting a wide range of reforms in an attempt to battle corruption, including fraudulent insurance companies. |
| Hiram Johnson | Progressive California governor known for instituting a wide range of reforms in an attempt to battle corruption, including fighting the economic and political power of the Southern Pacific Railroad. |
| Wisconsin Plan | Series of progressive measures Governor La Follette of Wisconsin championed into law, such as a direct primary law, tax reform and state regulatory commissions to monitor utilities and businesses. |
| Regulatory Commissions | Government organizations that monitored utilities, railroads and businesses such as insurance, which were pushed for by Progressives to combat corruption and monopolistic practices. |
| Temperance | Reform movement to limit or eliminate the consumption of alcohol because of the high rate of alcohol consumption and connections to various societal ills such as crime, poverty and abuse of women. |
| Prohibition | Outlawing the manufacture and sale of alcohol, which temperance leaders achieved at the state level in two-thirds of the states by 1915 and the national level with the 18th Amendment in 1920. |
| National Child Labor Committee | Progressive organization that proposed model state child labor laws that were passed by two-thirds of the states by 1907, which included state compulsory school attendance. |
| Compulsory School Attendance | Legal requirement for children of certain ages to be in school, which the Progressives used to help keep children out of mines and factories. |
| Florence Kelley | Progressive reformer and child labor activist who helped found the National Consumers’ League to help promote state laws to improve wages and working conditions for women workers. |
| National Consumers’ League | Progressive organization partially founded by Florence Kelley that helped promote state laws to improve wages and working conditions for women workers. |
| Lochner v. New York | Landmark SCOTUS case that ruled a New York state law setting maximum working hours for bakers violated the bakers' right to freedom of contract under the Fourteenth Amendment. |
| Muller v. Oregon | Landmark SCOTUS case that ruled an Oregon law limiting women to ten hours of work in factories and laundries was legal because women’s health needed special protection from long hours. |
| Triangle Shirtwaist Fire | Fire in a New York high-rise garment factory that took 146 lives, mostly women, and sparked greater women’s activism and stronger safety laws that improved working conditions in factories. |
| Square Deal | President Theodore Roosevelt’s domestic program that involved the government treating business owners and labor fairly and eliminating government favoritism of big business. |
| Trust-Busting | Government break up of monopolies, which President Theodore Roosevelt did with the Sherman Antitrust Act and earned the name “Trustbuster,” even though President Taft broke up more trusts. |
| Bad Trusts | Monopolies that President Theodore Roosevelt targeted for trust-busting because he believed they harmed the public good and stifled competition. |
| Good Trusts | Monopolies that President Theodore Roosevelt simply regulated or left alone because he believed they dominated a market because of their efficiency and low prices. |
| Elkins Act (1903) | Congressional law that gave the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) greater authority to stop railroads from granting rebates to favored customers. |
| Hepburn Act (1906) | Congressional law that gave the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) greater authority to fix “just and reasonable” rates for railroads. |
| The Jungle | Book published by muckraker novelist Upton Sinclair that exposed the horrifying and unsanitary conditions in the Chicago stockyards and meatpacking industry, which sparked new reform laws. |
| Upton Sinclair | Muckraker novelist who published The Jungle, which exposed the horrifying and unsanitary conditions in the Chicago stockyards and meatpacking industry and sparked new reform laws. |
| Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) | Congressional law inspired by Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle, which outlawed the manufacture, sale and transportation of adulterated or mislabeled foods and drugs. |
| Meat Inspection Act (1906) | Congressional law inspired by Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle, which provided that federal inspectors visit meatpacking plants to ensure that they met minimum standards of sanitation. |
| Conservation | Environmental movement that believed in the protection, scientific management and regulated use of natural resources, which was championed by President Theodore Roosevelt. |
| Newlands Reclamation Act (1902) | Congressional conservation law that provided money from the sale of public land to irrigation projects in western states. |
| White House Conference | Meeting of state governors and national government representatives hosted by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1908 in order to promote coordinated conservation planning. |
| Gifford Pinchot | Conservationist and government official President Theodore Roosevelt appointed to be the first director of the U.S. Forest Service and leader of the National Conservation Commission. |
| Mann-Elkins Act (1910) | Congressional law that gave the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) the power to suspend new railroad rates and to oversee telephone and telegraph companies. |
| 16th Amendment | Progressive amendment that authorized the U.S. government to collect an income tax, which Progressives championed as a way to regulate the wealthy. |
| Firing of Pinchot | Controversial decision by President Taft to terminate Gifford Pinchot’s position in the national government, which angered former President Theodore Roosevelt and Republican Progressives. |
| Payne-Aldrich Tariff | Increased tax on imports that President Taft approved in 1909 despite promising to lower the tax, which angered Progressives and helped create a split in the Republican Party. |
| Election of 1912 | Presidential election that saw Republicans split, with conservatives nominating President Taft and Progressives nominating Theodore Roosevelt, which allowed Democrat Woodrow Wilson to win. |
| Socialist Party | Third political party that emerged in the early 1900s through the leadership of Eugene V. Debs to advocate for the working class by calling for the public ownership of utilities and major industries. |
| Eugene V. Debs | Socialist Party leader and presidential candidate who was arrested for his involvement in the Pullman Strike who had some of his ideas eventually adopted such as public ownership of utilities. |
| Bull Moose Party | Political organization formed by Progressive Republicans who nominated Theodore Roosevelt as their candidate in the election of 1912 because they were dissatisfied with President Taft. |
| New Nationalism | Theodore Roosevelt’s Progressive domestic platform for the election of 1912 that included more government regulation of business and unions, more social welfare programs and women’s suffrage. |
| New Freedom | President Wilson’s domestic policy plan that involved limiting big business and big government, reform through eliminating corruption and reviving competition by supporting small businesses. |
| Underwood Tariff | Substantially lower tax on imported goods pushed for by President Wilson as part of his New Freedom plan, which was compensated for by a national graduated income tax. |
| Federal Reserve Act (1914) | Congressional law that created a new national bank system, which was designed to provide economic stability by regulating interest rates and required capital reserves of banks. |
| Federal Reserve Board | Presidentially appointed supervisors of the new national banking system, which included 12 district banks and was meant to act as an independent monetary policy entity. |
| Federal Trade Commission (FTC) | Government entity created under President Wilson that was designed to protect consumers by investigating and taking action against “unfair trade practice” in any industry. |
| Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) | Congressional law that strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act’s power to break up monopolies, but contained a clause exempting unions from being prosecuted as trusts. |
| Federal Farm Loan Act (1916) | Congressional law passed during Wilson’s presidency that created 12 regional federal farm loan banks established to provide farm loans at low interest rates. |
| Child Labor Act (1916) | Congressional law passed that prohibited the interstate shipment of products manufactured by children under 14 years old, however, it was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. |
| Racial Segregation | Separation of people based on race, which was legalized in Plessy v. Ferguson and exemplified Progressives apathy toward improving race relations. |
| Lynchings | Murder of African Americans by racist mobs for falsely accused crimes, which Ida B. Wells tried to stop, but most Progressives ignored in their quest for reform. |
| Booker T. Washington | Founder of the Tuskegee Institute who urged African Americans to address racism by using economic cooperation to gain gradual improvements in their social, political, and economic status. |
| W.E.B. Du Bois | Opposed to Booker T. Washington’s “gradualist” approach to equality, he argued for immediate and full equality socially, politically, and economically and he co-founded the NAACP. |
| National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) | Civil rights organization founded to abolish all forms of segregation and increase educational opportunities for African American children. |
| National Urban League | National organization formed in 1911 to help people migrating from the South to adjust to northern cities. |
| 18th Amendment | Progressive amendment that outlawed the manufacture and sale of alcohol in the United States until it was repealed by the 21st Amendment. |
| Carrie Chapman Catt | Energetic Progressive women’s rights reformer from Iowa who became the new president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) in 1900. |
| National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) | National organization founded to help women secure the right to vote at the state level first, but eventually advocated for a national suffrage amendment. |
| Alice Paul | Women’s suffrage leader who adopted a more militant approach by breaking from NAWSA in 1916 to form the National Woman’s Party in order to advocate for a national suffrage amendment. |
| National Woman’s Party | Political organization founded by Alice Paul in 1916 when she split from NAWSA in order to focus on advocating for a national suffrage amendment. |
| 19th Amendment | Progressive amendment passed in 1920 that guaranteed women’s right to vote in all elections at the local, state and national levels. |
| League of Women Voters | Civic organization founded by Carrie Chapman Catt to keep female voters informed about candidates and issues. |
| Margaret Sanger | Progressive women’s rights activist who advocated for birth control education, especially among the poor. |
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