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Reading 7.3
Spanish-American War and U.S. Foreign Policy to 1917
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Spanish-American War | Armed conflict between the United States and Spain over territory in Latin America and Asia that was partially caused by yellow journalism and ended in a quick American victory. |
| Jingoism | Intense form of nationalism that favors an aggressive and warlike foreign policy. |
| Cuban Revolt | Cuban nationalist attempt to overthrow Spanish colonial rule between 1868 and 1878 that was renewed in 1895 and brutally put down by the Spanish. |
| Yellow Journalism | Sensationalist reporting that was used especially by Pulitzer’s New York World and Hearst’s New York Journal and helped convince the American public to support war against Spain. |
| De Lôme Letter | Spanish diplomat’s critical and insulting letter about President McKinley that was leaked to the press and printed in Hearst’ ’s New York Journal, which increased American tensions with Spain. |
| Sinking of the USS Maine | American battleship at anchor in Havana, Cuba exploded and the yellow press accused Spain of deliberately blowing up the ship, which increased American tensions with Spain. |
| Teller Amendment | Part of Congress’s joint resolution authorizing war against Spain that declared the United States had no intention of annexing Cuba and that the Cubans would be granted independence. |
| Splendid Little War | Nickname given to the Spanish-American War by Secretary of State John Hay because of the swift American victory. |
| Philippines | Large group of islands in Asia that had been under Spanish control since the 1500s and was conquered quickly by the United States during the Spanish-American War with the aid of Filipino rebels. |
| George Dewey | U.S. Navy Commodore who commanded the new, all-steel U.S. Navy and quickly pounded the Spanish fleet into submission in Manila Bay in the Philippines. |
| Rough Riders | Regiment of volunteer cavalry soldiers of the U.S. Army led by Theodore Roosevelt that became famous for a cavalry charge up San Juan Hill in Cuba. |
| Annexation of Hawaii | Complete political takeover of the Hawaiian Islands by the United States in 1900, which was approved by President McKinley and Congress. |
| Puerto Rico | Island in the Caribbean that the United States acquired from Spain as part of the Treaty of Paris to end the Spanish-American War. |
| Guam | Island in the Pacific that the United States acquired from Spain as part of the Treaty of Paris to end the Spanish-American War. |
| Treaty of Paris (1898) | Peace agreement that officially ended the Spanish-American War and resulted in the United States acquiring Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines. |
| Emilio Aguinaldo | Filipino nationalist leader who fought alongside U.S. troops during the Spanish-American War and later led guerrilla fighters in a deadly campaign against the United States for independence. |
| Anti-Imperialist League | Organization that opposed the Spanish-American War and American imperialism, which was led by William Jennings Bryan and Mark Twain. |
| Insular Cases | Series of Supreme Court decisions from 1901-1903 that ruled constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial possessions and the power to give such rights belonged to Congress. |
| Platt Amendment (1901) | Override of the Teller Amendment that put restrictions on Cuban independence and effectively made Cuba a U.S. protectorate until the Cuban Revolution in the 1950s. |
| John Hay | President McKinley’s Secretary of State who advanced the Open Door policy in an attempt to prevent European countries from taking over China and blocking American economic interests. |
| Spheres of Influence | Regions and/or ports of China that a specific foreign country dominated in terms of trade and investment, which greatly alarmed Secretary of State John Hay and the United States. |
| Open Door Policy | Influential foreign policy created by Secretary of State John Hay that all nations should have equal trade access to China and that no one country should dominate trade access with China. |
| Boxer Rebellion | Secret society of Chinese nationalists attacked foreign settlements and murdered dozens of Christian missionaries, which resulted in an international armed response and severely weakened China. |
| Big Stick Policy | Influential and aggressive foreign policy under President Theodore Roosevelt that involved using the threat of military force if necessary to solve international disputes. |
| Theodore Roosevelt | War hero and 26th President of the United States who implemented his “Big Stick” Policy for foreign affairs and his Square Deal program for domestic affairs. |
| Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903) | Agreement between the controversially formed country of Panama and the United States that gave the United States control and construction rights over a 10 mile wide Canal Zone. |
| Panama Canal | Water connection between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans that was successfully built by the United States through Central America. |
| Santo Domingo | Capital of the Dominican Republic that was almost invaded by European powers over unpaid debts, which resulted in President Theodore Roosevelt issuing the Roosevelt Corollary. |
| Roosevelt Corollary | President Theodore Roosevelt’s addition to the Monroe Doctrine that declared the United States would intervene in cases of flagrant and chronic wrongdoing by a Latin American country. |
| Russo-Japanese War | Conflict between imperial rivals Russia and Japan that ended with a Japanese victory after the Treaty of Portsmouth, which was mediated by President Theodore Roosevelt. |
| Treaty of Portsmouth (1906) | Peace agreement that ended the Russo-Japanese War, however, the Japanese accused the United States of failing to give them what they believed they deserved from Russia. |
| Gentlemen’s Agreement (1908) | Informal agreement between the United States and Japan that restricted Japanese immigration to the United States in exchange for California repealing Japanese discriminatory laws. |
| Segregated Schools | Institutions of learning that separated students based on race and ethnicity, which Japan viewed as a national insult because of San Francisco separating Japanese students. |
| Great White Fleet | Name given to the top of the line battleships of the U.S. Navy that President Theodore Roosevelt sent on a world tour to demonstrate U.S. naval power. |
| Root-Takahira Agreement (1908) | Official understanding between the United States and Japan that pledged mutual respect for each nation’s Pacific possessions and support for the Open Door policy in China. |
| Nobel Peace Prize | Award for significantly contributing to advancing human rights and reducing aggression between nations, which President Theodore Roosevelt won for helping end the Russo-Japanese War. |
| Algeciras Conference | Diplomatic meeting organized by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1906 to settle conflict between France and Germany over claims to Morocco. |
| International Peace Conference | Diplomatic meeting to discuss rules limiting warfare between countries at The Hague in 1907 that President Theodore Roosevelt directed the United States to attend as a world power. |
| William Howard Taft | 27th President of the United States and handpicked successor to President Theodore Roosevelt. who focused on “dollar diplomacy” for foreign affairs and busted more trusts than Roosevelt. |
| Dollar Diplomacy | Foreign policy of President Taft that focused on using economic support and investment to advance American interests, rather than the threat of military force. |
| Anti-Imperialism | Movement against the territorial expansion of the United States, the building of colonies and the further entanglement of the United States in foreign affairs. |
| Railroads in China | Transportation networks in China that President Taft wanted to include as part of his “Dollar Diplomacy” in order to protect and expand American interests in China. |
| Manchuria | Northern province of China that Russia and Japan agreed to split as a sphere of influence in violation of the U.S. Open Door Policy, which set the stage for a future invasion by Japan. |
| Intervention in Nicaragua | American military involvement in Nicaragua ordered by President Taft in 1911 to protect American investments, which lasted until 1933. |
| Woodrow Wilson | 28th President of the United States who focused on moral diplomacy for foreign affairs and implemented his New Freedom program for domestic affairs. |
| William Jennings Bryan | Former Democratic presidential candidate and President Wilson’s Secretary of State who helped implement moral diplomacy, which included opposition to self-interested imperialism. |
| Jones Act (1916) | Law of Congress promoted by President Wilson that granted full territorial status to the Philippines and set the path for independence as soon as a stable government was established. |
| Conciliation Treaties | International agreements organized by Secretary of State William Jennigsn Bryan and approved by President Wilson, in which countries agreed to submit disputes to international commissions. |
| Military Intervention | Tactic used often by President Wilson to use armed force in diplomatic disputes with Central American and Caribbean nations, which was contradictory to his moral diplomacy philosophy. |
| Pancho Villa | Mexican rebel leader who challenged the Mexican government and led multiple raids across the U.S.-Mexican border, which resulted in President Wilson ordering General Pershing to pursue him. |
| John J. Pershing | U.S. Army General who led an “expeditionary force” in a failed pursuit of Pancho Villa and who later became the successful leader of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) during WWI. |
| Expeditionary Force | Group of U.S. Army troops led by General Pershing in the failed pursuit of Pancho Villa. |
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