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Reading 6.13

Politics in the Gilded Age

TermDefinition
Popular Politics Election campaigns directly appealing to the interests of the voters through tactics such as campaign buttons, free food and crowd-pleasing oratory in order to build party identification and loyalty.
Party Patronage Political organizations building support by providing government jobs to the party faithful, which was a rampant issue during the Gilded Age.
Republican Party Political organization based on the Hamiltonian and Whig traditions that tried to keep power during the Gilded Age by figuratively waving the “bloody shirt.”
Bloody Shirt Political tactic of criticizing political opponents by suggesting they were involved in the physical harm of the other, such as Republicans criticizing Democrats during the Gilded Age for the Civil War.
Veterans of the Union Army Millions of Northerners who fought to keep the Union together and were heavily courted by the Republican party for their votes.
Reformers Individuals who wanted to make changes to society and government in order to help others and typically voted Republican during the Gilded Age because of the party’s antislavery past.
African Americans Individuals who faced widespread discrimination, especially in the Democrat controlled South, and typically voted Republican during the Gilded Age because of the party’s antislavery past.
Anglo-Saxon Protestants White Christians who dominated American culture during the Gilded Age and typically voted Republican during the Gilded Age because of the party’s support of Temperance.
Temperance Reform movement to limit or eliminate the consumption of alcohol because of the high rate of alcohol consumption and connections to various societal ills such as crime, poverty and abuse of women.
Hamiltonian Tradition Political ideology adopted from the Federalists that focused on supporting a pro-business economic program that included high protective tariffs to support industry.
Whig Past Political ideology adopted from National Republicans that focused on supporting a pro-business economic program that included high protective tariffs to support industry.
Pro-Business Economic program supported by traditionally conservative politicians that focused on promoting and protecting industry through various means, such as protective tariffs and a national bank.
Democratic Party Political organization based on the Jeffersonian and Jacksonian traditions that could rely on votes from the solid South, big city political machines and immigrants during the Gilded Age.
Solid South Former states of the Confederacy that strongly voted for the Democratic Party throughout the Gilded Age.
Big-City Political Machines Highly organized groups of politicians in major urban areas that were led by a “boss” and held power by exchanging government jobs and assistance for immigrants for votes.
Immigrant Voters Individuals originally from other countries who were often Catholics, Lutherans and Jews who objected to temperance and typically voted Democrat during the Gilded Age.
Jeffersonian Tradition Political ideology adopted from Democratic-Republicans that focused on states’ rights and limited federal power.
States’ Rights (Limited Federal Power) Political ideal of protecting and preferring the power and protections of states over the power and protection of the national government.
Rise of the Populists New political organization formed in 1892 through farmers’ alliances and in response to economic and political hardships faced by farmers such as abuse by railroads and the gold standard.
Farmers’ Alliances Agricultural state and regional groups founded with the goal of economic and political action on behalf of farmers.
Omaha Platform Populist political program adopted in 1892 that called for political and economic reform such as the direct election of senators, unlimited coinage of silver and government ownership of railroads.
Government Ownership Action by the government to take control of a business or industry in order to better regulate that business or industry.
Thomas Watson Populist leader from Georgia who appealed to poor farmers of both races who shared economic grievances to join the People's Party.
Election of 1892 Presidential election won by Democrat Grover Cleveland, however, Populist candidate James Weaver showed the influence of the Populists by earning 22 electoral college votes.
Grover Cleveland 22nd and 24th President of the United States who was a Democrat known for focusing on civil service reform and government integrity, but also struggled economically when facing the Panic of 1893.
Panic of 1893 Major economic crash and depression that was caused by overspeculation in railroads and led to banks failing, farm foreclosures reaching record highs and the unemployment rate reaching 20 percent.
Coxey’s Army Populist leaders led a large group of unemployed and homeless Americans to the capital to demand federally funded public works to employ those who needed work in response to the Panic of 1839.
Coin’s Financial School Book by William H. Harvey that convinced many Americans their economic woes were caused by a conspiracy of rich bankers and the unlimited coinage of silver would solve their problems.
Election of 1896 Presidential election that marked the end of the Populists after they supported Democratic candidate William Jennigs Bryan, who lost to Republican William McKinley and his mass media campaign.
William Jennings Bryan Democratic candidate for president in 1896 and 1900 and gifted orator whose support of the unlimited coinage of silver won him the support of the Populist Party, but not the presidency.
Cross of Gold Speech William Jennings Bryan’s famous speech given at the national Democratic convention in 1896 in favor of the unlimited coinage of silver, which won him the support of the Populists.
Unlimited Coinage of Silver Idea of moving away from the gold standard and removing limits on how much silver was allowed to be coined in order to help farmers and other debtors.
Gold Bug Democrats Economically conservative faction of the Democratic Party who supported the gold standard and refused to support William Jennings Bryan and the unlimited coinage of silver.
William McKinley Republican candidate for president in the election of 1896, who won because of a highly successful mass media campaign and his support of the gold standard and protective tariffs.
Protective Tariffs Taxes on imported goods levied in order to shield domestic manufacturers from foreign competition and promote domestic consumption of goods.
Marcus Hanna Wealthy businessman and the financial power behind William McKinley’s nomination and presidential campaign, who spent heavily on building a highly successful mass media presence for McKinley.
Gold Standard Monetary system of backing currency by gold.
Mass Media Widely circulated and consumed forms of media such as newspapers and magazines, which Marcus Hanna used to great effect in getting William McKinley elected president.
Racism Prejudice and discrimination directed against a person or people based on their race, which was a major barrier to uniting the political power of poor white and black farmers and laborers.
Era of Republican Dominance Time period from 1896 to 1832 that saw Republicans dominate American politics by electing six of the next seven presidents and controlling Congress for 17 of the next 20 sessions.
First Modern President Term applied by historians to William McKinley (or Theodore Roosevelt) for taking the United States from being relatively isolated to becoming a major player in international affairs.
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