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Reading 6.11
Reform in the Gilded Age
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Henry George | Author of Progress and Poverty, in which he criticized the effects of laissez-faire economics and encouraged economic reforms and increased government regulation. |
| Edward Bellamy | Author of Looking Backward, 2000-1887, in which he envisioned life in the year 2000 as a society that had eliminated poverty, greed and crime, which helped inspire calls for economic reform. |
| Cardinal James Gibbons | Catholic leader in Baltimore who inspired the devoted support of old and new immigrants by defending the Knights of Labor and the cause of organized labor. |
| Dwight Moody | Urban evangelist who helped adapt traditional Christianity to city life and founded the Moody Bible Institute in Chicago. |
| Salvation Army | Welfare organization brought to the United States from England in 1879 that assisted the urban poor while preaching temperance and morality in an attempt to solve the problems of urban poverty. |
| Social Gospel | Influential reform movement led by Walter Rauschenbusch that focused on the philosophy that Christians had an obligation to improve the lives of those less fortunate, such as the urban poor. |
| Walter Rauschenbusch | Leader of the social gospel movement and Baptist minister from New York who convinced many middle-class Protestants to attack urban problems through Progressive reforms. |
| Jane Addams | Urban reformer who inspired the settlement house movement and founded Hull House in Chicago, which provided social services including education, job training and housing assistance. |
| Divorce | Legal separation of a married couple, which happened at a greater rate as a result of the stress of industrialization and because state legislatures added cruelty and desertion as legal grounds for separation. |
| Family Size | Number of children people had, which started to go down as a result of industrialization and urbanization because children became a greater economic liability. |
| Susan B. Anthony | Women’s rights advocate and abolitionist who campaigned heavily for women’s suffrage and founded the National Woman Suffrage Association. |
| National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) | Organization established by activists Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony in 1890 to fight for women’s suffrage. |
| Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) | Influential organization founded by women that played a major role in the temperance and prohibition movements of the late 1800s and early 1900s. |
| Frances E. Willard | Women’s suffragist and leader of the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) who expanded its leadership to over 500,000 members by 1898. |
| Anti-Saloon League | Temperance organization founded in 1893 that quickly became a political force and by 1916 had persuaded 21 states to close down all saloons and bars. |
| Carry A. Nation | Temperance supporter who became famous for raiding saloons and smashing barrels of beer with a hatchet. |
| Realism | 19th century art and cultural movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it was, rather than life as it should be. |
| Mark Twain | First great realist author and humorist and was known for writing The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, which revealed the greed, violence and racism in American society. |
| Naturalism | Art and cultural movement that focused on how emotions and experience shaped human experience. |
| Stephen Crane | Naturalist author who wrote Maggie |
| Jack London | Naturalist writer and adventurer who portrayed the conflict between nature and civilization in novels such as The Call of the Wild. |
| Theodore Dreiser | Naturalist author who wrote Sister Carrie, a book about a poor working girl in Chicago that shocked the moral sensibilities of the time. |
| Winslow Homer | Naturalist and realist painter known for painting scenes of nature such as seascapes in a matter-of-fact way. |
| Thomas Eakin | Realist painter who focused on painting the everyday lives of working-class people and surgical scenes, using the new technology of serial-action photographs to study human anatomy. |
| James McNeil Whistler | Painter who focused on the study of color rather than subject matter, which influenced the development of modern art. |
| Mary Cassatt | Distinguished portrait painter who used the techniques of impressionism, such as a focus on using pastel colors |
| Impressionism | Art movement that originated in in Europe and focused on capturing a feeling or experience rather than achieving an accurate depiction |
| Ashcan School | Art movement of rugged realism that focused on the downtrodden and other elements of urban life that was popular in the late 19th and early 20th century. |
| Armory Show | Large exhibit of abstract, nonrepresentational art in New York City in 1913, which shocked the art community. |
| Henry Hobson Richardson | Architect who focused on the medieval Romanesque style of massive stone walls and rounded arches instead of classical Greek and Roman styles. |
| Romanesque Style | Medieval architectural style favored by Henry Hobson Richardson, which focused on using massive stone walls and rounded arches |
| Louis Sullivan | Architect from Chicago who developed the typical skyscraper style that made them more popular, in which the form of a building flowed from its function. |
| Frank Llyod Wright | Architect who developed an “organic” style of architecture that was in harmony with its natural surroundings, which helped him become the most famous architect of the 20th century. |
| Frederick Law Olmsted | Urbanist and landscape architect who specialized in the planning of city parks and scenic boulevards, such as Central Park in New York City and the grounds of the U.S. Capitol. |
| Landscape Architecture | Art and practice of designing the outdoor environment such as parks, which through architects such as Frederick law Olmstead, became an essential part of urban planning. |
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