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Reading 6.10
Development of the Middle Class
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Expanding Middle Class | Growing socio-economic group of Americans as a result of new jobs created by industrialization such as managers, accountants, clerical workers and salespersons. |
| White-Collar Workers | Salaried employees whose jobs generally do not involve manual labor. which large corporations increasingly needed to fill their highly organized administrative structures. |
| Middle Management | Lower level administrators who coordinate the operations between company executives and operational level employees such as factory workers. |
| Gospel of Wealth | Andrew Carnegie’s idea that the wealthy had a moral obligation to carry out projects of civic philanthropy to help other members of society to better themselves and in turn improve society. |
| Philanthropy | Supporting a cause or charity through financial donations or volunteer work, such as Andrew Carnegie donating millions to build libraries, schools and hospitals across the United States. |
| Working Women | Females employed for a wage outside of the home, which became more common as a result of industrialization and the increased demand for clerical workers, nurses and teachers. |
| Professions | Jobs which typically require higher education, training and certification such as doctors, lawyers, teachers and college professors. |
| Growth of Suburbs | Middle class families started to move out of large cities and into easily accessible nearby communities that typically had cheaper land and more personal space. |
| “City Beautiful” Movement | Attempts in the 1890s to remake American cities with tree-lined boulevards, public parks and public cultural attractions that met resistance by urban politics and private owners. |
| Kindergarten | Level of early-childhood education that was adopted from Germany and quickly became popular, which reflected the growing interest in education for young children. |
| Public High Schools | Tax supported places of learning for older students that followed the college preparatory curriculum of private academies, but also expanded into vocational and citizenship education. |
| Electives | Courses not required for students to take, but rather chosen by students as part of their curriculum, which started in American colleges and later spread to high schools. |
| Johns Hopkins University | First American education institution to specialize in advanced graduate studies by following the model of German universities and emphasizing research and free inquiry. |
| Social Sciences | New fields of academic study and research such as psychology, sociology, anthropology and political science, which focused on using data to address social issues. |
| Richard T. Ely | Researcher at Johns Hopkins who studied labor unions, trusts and other existing economic institutions not only to understand them, but also to suggest remedies for economic problems of the day. |
| W.E.B. Du Bois | Leading Black intellectual of the era and co-founder of the NAACP who advocated for racial equality, integrated schools and equal access to higher education. |
| Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. | Prominent legal scholar who argued that the law should evolve with the times in response to changing needs and not remain restricted by legal precedents and judicial decisions of the past. |
| Clarence Darrow | Famous lawyer who argued that contrary to traditional belief, criminal behavior could be caused by a person’s environment of poverty, neglect and abuse. |
| Growth of Leisure Time | Increase in the amount of time people had and were willing to spend on activities that were not work or survival related, but for entertainment purposes only . |
| Mass-Circulation Newspapers | Newspapers that were widely distributed and read by a significant number of Americans. |
| Joseph Pulitzer | Newspaper publisher of the New York World, which became the first newspaper to exceed a million in circulation, who attracted readers with sensational stories and competed fiercely with Hearst. |
| William Randolph Hearst | Newspaper publisher of the New York Journal, who attracted readers with sensational stories and competed fiercely with Pulitzer. |
| Ladies’ Home Journal | Mass-circulation magazine aimed at women that was made possible through advertising revenue and new printing technologies that reduced the price of printing. |
| Circuses | Traveling companies of acrobats, clowns, and other entertainers which give performances and were a popular form of entertainment in the late 1800s. |
| Barnum and Bailey (The Greatest Show on Earth) | Famous traveling company of acrobats, clowns, and other entertainers which give performances and was a popular form of entertainment in the late 1800s. |
| Wild West Show (Buffalo Bill) | Popular Western themed entertainment show brought to urban audiences by Buffalo Bill (William F. Cody) that headlined personalities such as Sitting Bull and Annie Oakley. |
| John Philip Sousa | American composer and conductor who wrote many popular marches played by orchestras that people attended as part of their growing leisure time. |
| Jelly Roll Morton | Jazz composer and performer who expanded the audience of jazz and helped start its growing popularity in American culture. |
| Jazz | Music genre that combined African rhythms with European instruments and mixed improvisation with a structured format that gained popularity as New Orleans performers headed north into large cities. |
| Scott Joplin | Ragtime composer and performer who became known as the “King of Ragtime” and contributed greatly to its growing popularity in American culture. |
| Blues | Music genre that originated in the Deep South and expressed the pain of the Black experience, which as a musical format gained popularity as Southern performers headed north into large cities. |
| Ragtime | Music genre with African American origins that became known for its syncopated rhythm and gained popularity as Southern performers headed north into large cities. |
| Spectator Sports | Professional and collegiate athletic competitions that became popular for people to watch in their leisure time such as baseball, football and basketball. |
| Amateur Sports | Athletic opportunities that became popular for people to do in their leisure time for fun and physical fitness such as croquet, bicycling, golf and tennis. |
| Athletic Clubs | Private and exclusive sports and social organizations for the wealthy that typically revolved around golf, tennis and for the extremely wealthy polo and yachting. |
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