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Reading 6.3

Westward Expansion: Social and Cultural Development

TermDefinition
Turner’s Frontier Thesis Idea by an American historian that the ability of Americans to move into new land allowed the United States to prosper and support democratic values, but new land was no longer available.
Frederick Jackson Turner American historian who developed the Frontier Thesis and foresaw the challenges of Americans no longer being able to move to new land where they had complete freedom.
“The Significance of the Frontier in American History” Influential essay written by American historian Frederick Jackson Turner on his Frontier Thesis and the importance of new land for the United States.
Indian Wars Series of conflicts between the U.S. Army and Native American tribes in the late 1800s over American settlement of the Great Plains that resulted in Native Americans being forced onto reservations.
Little Bighorn Battle during the Indian Wars between American troops led by General Custer and the Sioux led by Chiefs Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse that resulted in the destruction of Custer and his troops.
Ghost Dance Movement Native American religious ritual that promised a rebirth of Native American prosperity, which frightened Americans into outlawing its practice and led to the Massacre of Wounded Knee.
Massacre at Wounded Knee Tragedy that marked the end of the Indian Wars, in which the U.S. Army opened fire on a Native American camp and killed more than 200 Native American men, women and children.
Helen Hunt Jackson Author and future muckraker, her books exposed the unjust manner in which the U.S. government had treated Native Americans as well as protested the Dawes Severalty Act.
Assimilation Idea of “Americanizing” people through formal education, job training and religious conversion that was often forced on Native Americans and resulted in boarding schools such as the Carlisle School.
Dawes Act (1887) Law that broke up tribal reservations into individual parcels and intended to help Native Americans integrate into American society, but in practice caused widespread poverty and homelessness.
Indian Reorganization Act (1934) Law that promoted the reestablishment of tribal organization and culture by returning reservation land control and some political power to Native American tribes
Santa Fe Trail Nearly 1,000 mile overland route that connected the American Southwest to Missouri and farther east, which helped open the American Southwest to American settlement and economic development.
Deforestation Ecological problem caused by cutting down too many trees for lumber or clearing land for agricultural use.
Yosemite Iconic state park in California that became one of the earliest national parks in the United States as part of the conservation movement.
Yellowstone First national park in the United States and it was created as part of the conservation movement.
Forest Reserve Act of 1891 Law that authorized the president to withdraw federal timberlands from development and regulated their use as federally managed forest reserves.
Forest Management Act of 1897 Law that built on the Forest Reserve Act and helped withdraw federal timberlands from development and regulated their use.
Conservationists Environmental activists who believed in scientific management and regulated use of natural resources.
Preservationists Environmental activists such as John Muir who believed in protecting natural areas from human interference.
John Muir Environmental activist and preservationist who was a leading founder of the Sierra Club and pushed for the creation of more national parks.
Sierra Club Environmental activist group founded by John Muir to promote preservationism and other environmental priorities.
Created by: user-1961066
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