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AP HUG chapter two
Terms and questions. Based on James M. Rubinstein 13th ed. Text Book
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Stage one DTM | Low growth, high crude birth and death rates and a low NIR (basically 0). Increase in population because of the agricultural revolution. No modern stage one countries. Higher birth rates because there is no way to prevent pregnancies. |
| Stage two DTM | CDR drops drastically, but CBR remains the same. Higher NIR. Stage two = industrial revolution for MDCs. Better technology = ability to elongate lifespan. medical revolution (vaccinations) = LDCs stage 2 (longer lives and brought down NIR) |
| Stage three | CBR drips drastically and CDR falls, but more so than in stage 2. NIR is moderate because the gap between CBR and CDR is narrowing, but still significant. Most of Africa is still in stage 2. Slowly, the norms change, and birth rates drop |
| Stage four | Low crude birth and death rates, a low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population. CBR declines to the point that it is equal to the CDR (AKA zero population growth or ZPG). TFR of 2.1 equals ZPG because not every woman has children. |
| Possible stage five | CDR is higher than CBR, leading to population decline |
| In what type of region is most population growth found? | South East Asia cluster |
| What country has the highest population? | India |
| Carrying capacity | the maximum population an environment can sustain |
| Overpopulation | the relationship between the number of people and the availability of resources to support a decent standard of living. |
| Ecumene | a portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent settlement. Ecumene has increased (possiblism) |
| What are the 4 types of non-ecumene | Dry lands, too dry for farming. Covers 20% of the land. Wetlands, too much precipitation (rainforests.) Cold lands, arctic or polar regions, too dry, too cold. Highlands, too high an elevation, cold, no soil, lots of bad weather. |
| What are some common characteristics of ecumene areas | The things a place needs to have high population concentration are near oceans and rivers, a good farming climate, low-lying, and good soil |
| Arithmetic density | the number of objects in an area. X number of people per square mile, total population divided by total land area. Does not take into account ecumene and nonecumene. |
| Physiological density | the number of people supported by a unit of arable (farmable) land. High physiological density = high pressure on farmers/farmland to produce food. |
| Agricultural density | the ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land. LDCs have higher agricultural density. |
| Arable land | farmable land |
| What would cause an arithmetic density to decrease? | If the number of people per square mile increased |
| What would cause a country’s physiological density to increase? | If the number of people in arable land or the number of arable land increased. |
| Country X has a lot of arable land and a low number of farmers. What is its agricultural density? | It's agricultural density will be low |
| NIR | the percentage by which a population grows in one year. Calculated by subtracting CDR from CBR after converting both to percentages. NATURAL DOES NOT INCLUDE MIGRATION!!!! |
| CBR | total number of live births in a year per 1000 people alive. Ex: a CBR of 20 = 20 babies per 1000 people in a country in one year |
| CDR | total number of deaths per 100 people in a year. Ex: CDR 20 = 20 people died per 1000 people in one year |
| IMR | annual number of deaths of infants (under 1 year of age) per 1000 total live births |
| TFR | the average number of children a woman is expected to have throughout her childbearing years (15-49) |
| LE | Life expectancy at birth measures the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live at current mortality levels. The graying of the population |
| SR | the ratio of males to females, globally 105 M/100 F |
| Demography | the study of population statistics (demos means people) |
| Population concentration | where are most people located |
| Commercial agriculture | crops grown for sale. MDCs, technology, large scale, expensive |
| Subsistence agriculture | crops grown for consumption and survival. LDCs, no technology, small-scale |
| Agricultural revolution 1st (neolithic) | domesticated plants and animals; the end of hunting and gathering and nomadic lifestyle. |
| Industrial Revolution | a series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods (steam engine, mass production, etc.) |
| Sex ratio/gender ratio | the ratio of males to females, globally 105 M/100 F. |
| Dependency ratio | the number of people too young or too old to work divided by the number of people who can work. |
| Elderly support ratio | people 65+ |
| Potential parrot ratio | people 0-15 |
| Graying of the population | when a population's number of senior citizens outweighs its population of children. |
| Epidemiological transition | focuses on distinctive cases of death in each stage of the demographic transition |
| Epidemiology | a branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, diagnosis, and control of diseases that are prevalent among a population at a specific time and are caused by unique situations. |
| Anti-natalist population policies | refer to government measures implemented to reduce birth rates and promote lower population growth |
| Pro-natalist population policies | strategies implemented by the government to encourage citizens to have more children |
| Thomas Malthus | believed population grows geometrically whereas food supply increases arithmetically, and that population growth would stress resources unless moral restraint produced lower CBR or unless disease, famine, war, etc. produced higher CDRs. |
| Neo-Malthusians | concerned with unprecedented population growth |
Created by:
chambsar000
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