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U.S History Unit 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Geographic factors aiding in Industrial Growth | Many river provided waterpower and transportation. Excellent ports and immigrants arriving daily to do work |
| Political Factors Aiding in Industrial Growth | Hamilton and the national bank (loans) helped businesses. Tariffs and import taxes also helped |
| Technological Factors Aiding in Inudstrial Growth | Eli Whitney (standard interchangeable parts). Steamboats helped with transportation, Mass production |
| Increases in Cotton production | Eli Whitney (cotton gin) needed to supply British manufacturers with cotton for their booming textile mills, and for new US mills. |
| Increased use of Slave Labor | Greater demand for slaves with increased demand for cotton. Slaves were used in a variety of jobs to help keep the plantation self sufficient. |
| Crops in the north | Changed to providing a cash crop of food items to the cities. They did not depend on slaves. Agriculture and Industry supported each other and both without the need for slaves |
| the American System | Created by Henry Clay and John C Calhoun |
| Rechartering the National Bank | Second Bank established with direction of John C Calhoun (South Carolina) |
| Tariff of 1816 | Henry Clay of Kentucky and John Calhoun, a 25% tariff was placed on imported goods as a protective measure. |
| Bonus Bill of 1816 | Clay and Calhoun (Roads and Canals). Vetoed by Madison who said it was a state right. Belief continued by Monroe. |
| Monroe Doctrine (President Monroe) | The Western Hempisphere would be closed off to any more European colonilization of the Western Hemisphere. U.S would not be involved in European politics. Full support of Britain and Latin America |
| 1820 Parties | Democratic Party of Jackson, National Republican Party of John Quincy, and Whigs |
| 1824 election | Andrew Jackson won presidency with a land side of both popular and electoral vote and served from 1829-1837 |
| Tariff issue | Northern Industries had handsome profits. High tariffs had a negative effect on the south. Tariff of Abominations/ Traiff of 1828 was hated by the south |
| Nullification issue | Calhoun believed states could nullify acts of Congress that were unconstitutional while Jackson believed they couldn't and it was treason. South talked of leaving the union though Henry Clay compromised by reducing the tariff |
| Bank Issue | Jackson vetoed the Seconf National Bank's charter because it only benefited the rich in the north. Jackson said that branches were not held to courts decisions |
| Universal Sufrage for White Males | Men 21 and up could vote even if they didn't have property |
| The Spoils System | Government jobs could now go to ordinary political supporters |
| Growth of African American Church (South) | Slaves would worship in the same churches as their owners. Slaves believed the christian message was a promise of freedom which made slave owners fear about their slaves rising up |
| Growth of African American Church (North) | Black churches gave a political voice to black people and was used as political, cultural, and social center. The church also provided education and other services denied to them |
| Abolition | Movement to outlaw slavery |
| William Lloyd Garrison | Published the antislavery paper called the Liberator. Advocated the immediate freeing of all enslaved blacks without payment to owners |
| David Walker | Free black men from NC and urged black people to rise up and gain freedom by force without waiting |
| Frederick Douglas | Born into slavery in 1817 and learned to read and write by one of his owners wife's. He was a great speaker and felt freedom could be achieved with no violence. He later wrote the North Star |
| Fugitive Slave Act | Slaves accused of running could be captured |
| Gradualism | Belief that slavery had to be ended gradually |
| Cult of Domesticity | Demanded that woman restrict their activities after marriage to the house and family |
| Women Aboltioinsts | Some women in the north and south spoke out against slavery |
| Temperance Movement | Drunkenness became a serious in the mid 1800's. Women spoke out against drinking |
| Harriet Beecherstone | Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin |
| Harriet Tubman | A part of the Underground railroad and nicknamed Moses |
| Emma Willard | Founded girls boarding school in 1814 Vermont |
| Dorothea Dix | A former school teacher that reformed institutions for the mentally ill because they were abused and chained |
| Seneca Falls Convention 1848 | More than 300 and men and women attended the event for women suffrage. The event was called by Elizabeth Cady Stanton |
| Market Revolution | Move away from self-sufficeiency and buy and sell goods |
| Specialization | Farmer made 1 or 2 crops to sell rather thanworry about self sufficiency |
| capitalism and Entrepreneurs Flourished | Entrepreneurs use the freedom offered under capitalism to put land, labor, and capitol to work, so they could earn a profit. American's Industrial output was on the rise. Emergence of railroads helped output because of the speed at which goods transport |
| Manifest Destiny | Westward expansion was America's destiny. Expand to the Pacific ocean and Mexican territory |
| Reasons for manifest destiny | Claim land for farming and land speculation, New Markets for manufactured goods and services. More space for immigrants. Locat harbors for trade with China. Employment and avoid creditors after panic of 1837. Spread Democracy |
| Fifty Four Forty or Fight | Slogan referred to the northern border of the U.S in the Oregon territory |
| Fifty-Four Forty Line | Britain lost interest in the Oregon territory so U.S and Britain came to a peaceful agreement in 1846. Established U.S border on the Fifty-Four Forty Line |
| Mexico | Gained independence from Spain and eased trade restrictions which helped its northern provinces with the US. The government encouraged people to come to Mexican Territory in Texas with cheap land. Mexican laws and Roman Catholic religion to be respected. |
| Texas | Fought for its independence from Mexico and won in 1836. Annexed in 1845 as the 28th state of the U.S as slave state |
| War with Mexico | James K Polk was the 11th U.S president and a Democrat. Fought with Mexico over land. Enlarged US territory by 1/3 which was half of Mexico |
| California | Bear Flag Republic. 49ers were miners that came over here during the gold rush in 1849. |
| Gibbons V Ogden: Company that had complete control over New York steamboat traffic was taken to court when trying to expand into New Jersey | Ruling: Federal government controls interstate trade |
| McCulloch v .Maryland: Maryland attempted to tax the second Bank of the United States | Ruling: The Constitution allowed the federal government to create a national bank. State governments could not interfere with a federal agency within the state's border |
| Fletcher v. Peck: In 1795 the Georgia legislature sold a large amount of state land to private companies. In 1796, the legislature passed an act at rescinding previous sale | Ruling: When a state passes a law that operates on a contract it cannot later repeal the law |
| Dartmouth College v. Woodward: In 1816 Democratic-Republicans in the state legislature amended the colleges charter and attempts to convert the school into secular institution, Dartmouth more compatible with parties objectives | Ruling: Violated the Contract Clause singled the disestablishment of church and state in New Hampshire |
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