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APUSH Period 6
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Trust | A group of corporations run by a single board of directors |
| John D. Rockefeller | Creator of Standard Oil, made a fortune through consolidation (vertical and horizontal integration) to create a trust and near-monopoly |
| J.P. Morgan | Influential banker and businessman; bought and reorganized companies to create greater profits. |
| Knights of Labor | Labor union that was open to both skilled and unskilled workers, fought for broad program of basic workplace and social improvements. |
| American Federation of Labor | Labor union founded by Samuel Gompers; focused on skilled workers and specific workplace issues (hours, wages, working conditions). |
| Mother Jones | Labor activist who used media to create awareness of problems facing mine workers and child laborers. |
| Conspicuous consumption | Buying and using products to signify social position. |
| Sharecropping | Poor farmers work land owned by someone else in exchange for a portion of the crops; usually ends in a cycle of debt. |
| Tenant farming | Farmers rent land from someone else to produce crops. |
| Sierra Club | Founded 1892, large environmental activist group dedicated to preserving natural areas. |
| Department of Interior | Government agency responsible for public lands and natural resources |
| Booker T. Washington | Leader of Tuskegee Institute; argued that Black people could best improve their lives by learning useful labor skills. |
| Ida B. Wells | African American journalist and muckraker; wrote about lynching and discrimination against Black people. |
| Elizabeth Cady Stanton | Women’s rights activist known for Seneca Falls Convention (1848) and co-founder of National Women’s Suffrage Association |
| Gospel of Wealth | 1889 essay by Andrew Carnegie; argued rich people had a responsibility to use their money to help society (philanthropy). |
| Edward Bellamy | Author of Looking Backward (1888), a utopian novel set in 2000 |
| Social Darwinism | Social theory loosely based on Darwin’s ideas about evolution; argued that the strongest/most fit people would thrive and the weakest/least fit people would not |
| American Protective Association | Organization created by nativists in 1887 to campaign for laws restricting immigration |
| Commerce Act | 1903 law that created the Department of Commerce |
| Socialism | Social and economic system in which the government has more control over resources and the means of production |
| Gilded Age | Term coined by Mark Twain to describe the late 1800s; new inventions and economic growth looked good on the outside, but corruption and growing inequality were rampant |
| Referendum | State-level reform that allows voters to directly approve or disapprove of proposed laws |
| Ghost Dance | Native American religious movement that attempted to motivated Native Americans to fight back against the growing power of the United States |
| Chief Joseph | Nez Perce leader who fled to Canada with his tribe to evade reservations; captured and returned to U.S. reservation by U.S. army |
| Subsidy | A government payment or support to a business or individual, usually to incentivize some behavior or action |
| NAWSA | National American Woman Suffrage Association, founded in 1890 to help women get the right to vote |
| Hull House | Chicago settlement house that acted as a community center and welfare agency for working-class people in the neighborhood (often mostly immigrants) |
| Jane Addams | Founder of settlement house movement (including Hull House) and leading progressive |
| Political machine | Political party organization that seeks member loyalty by providing incentives for voting |
| Populist Party | Founded 1891; focused on issues to help farmers and workers like free coinage of silver, a national income tax, direct election of senators, and government regulation of businesses |
| Las Gorras Blancas | Group of Mexican Americans in New Mexico who sought to protect their land from encroachment by white landowners |
| Grange | Organization of farmers that tried to work toward solutions for problems facing farmers (economic and political) |
| Speculation | Business transactions intended to make a large profit quickly, usually with little attention to long-term effects |
| Andrew Carnegie | Industrialist and philanthropist; Carnegie Steel became U.S. Steel, dominated the steel industry through integration and trusts. |
| Vertical integration | A company tries to dominate an industry by buying up every step in the process of production and distribution |
| Horizontal integration | A company tries to dominate an industry by buying up one aspect of an industry or production process |
| Bessemer Process | More efficient steel production method; made steel cheaper and more available for construction projects and manufacturing |
| Interstate Commerce Act | Law that gave the government more power to regulate trade within the U.S. by, for example, regulating railroad prices |
| Sherman Anti-trust Act | Federal law intended to stop or slow monopolies; frequently used against labor unions instead |
| Haymarket Affair | Striking workers in Chicago held a rally; when police attempted to break up the crowd, somebody threw a bomb that killed seven police officers |
| Laissez faire | Economic idea that the government should not interfere in the economy |
| Gifford Pinchot | Conservationist leader of U.S. Forest Service |
| John Muir | Preservationist who advocated for creating national parks; co-founder of Sierra Club |
| “New South” | Idea for reforming the south in a post-slavery world; more industrialization and modernization |
| Civil Rights Cases (1883) | Series of Supreme Court cases that ruled discrimination in public accommodations (theaters, railroads, etc.) could not be prohibited because it was private discrimination, not government discrimination |
| Jim Crow laws | Laws that limited the rights of Black people to vote and participate freely in society; set up a system of segregation that lasted from the 1890s to the 1960s |
| WEB DuBois | African American activist who argued for higher education and resistance to segregation and discrimination; co-founder of NAACP in 1910 |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | 1896 Supreme Court case that upheld segregation on the grounds that “separate but equal” accommodations were acceptable |
| Turner’s Frontier Thesis | Frederick Jackson Turner (historian) argued that the frontier shaped U.S. identity throughout 1700s and 1800s; end of the frontier in late 1800s was, therefore, a significant change |
| “bloody shirt” | Republican campaign tactic that blamed Democrats for the Civil War |
| Solid South | One-party (Democratic) control of the South after the Civil War (the South voted for the Democratic candidate in every presidential election until the 1960s |
| Pendleton Act (1881) | Reform to give government jobs based on skills rather than political connections (attempted to address the spoils system) |
| Panic of 1873 | Economic depression caused by overspeculation on railroads and western lands |
Created by:
Mr. Kipp
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