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PDU3701
Philosophy of Education Today (Third Edition) by Higgs & Letseka.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the central ethical idea in African philosophy? | Ubuntu, often translated as “humanity”, and expressed in the Nguni phrase Umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu — “A person is a person through other people”. |
| What does Critical Realism claim about truth? | Truth (alethic truth) exists independently of human knowledge but is often unknowable; knowledge is our best approximation of that truth. |
| What is the main danger of applying Empiricism to education? | Overemphasis on measurable, testable outcomes — leading to ideologies like outcomes-based education that ignore values, culture, and human subjectivity. |
| How does Phenomenology view classroom experience? | It focuses on the lived experience of teacher and learner — urging us to suspend assumptions and attend to what actually happens in the classroom relationship. |
| What does Systems Theory say education must consider? | Education as a system operating within larger environments, with input–process–output–feedback loops, and interdependent parts (learners, teachers, curriculum, context). |
| According to Critical Theory, what is the teacher’s role? | To help learners uncover and resist ideological domination — to become critically aware of how power structures shape knowledge and schooling. |
| What are the three main strands of Feminism discussed in the book? | Liberal Feminism (equality, rationality), Phenomenological Feminism (lived experience, care), and Radical Feminism (liberation from patriarchy). |
| What does Postmodernism reject about education? | The idea of universal, objective truth and grand narratives; it critiques rigid curricula and performance-based systems that suppress learner uniqueness. |
| What is the epistemic fallacy, according to Bhaskar? | Conflating what is (ontology) with what we know (epistemology) — assuming reality is identical to our knowledge of it. |
| How does Posthumanism challenge traditional humanist education? | By rejecting human exceptionalism and redefining learning as a relational, entangled process involving humans, animals, technologies, and environments. |
| Why is Indigenous African Knowledge Systems (IAKS) marginalized in education? | Due to colonial and global hegemony of Western/Eurocentric knowledge — which devalues oral, holistic, community-based, and spiritual forms of knowing. |
| What is fundamental pedagogics, and why is it problematic? | A discredited South African philosophy (linked to apartheid) claiming to be based on Phenomenology but used to enforce racial and cultural segregation in education. |
| What is the role of ubuntu in classroom practice? | To foster values like compassion, respect, fairness, and communal responsibility — encouraging teachers to see learners as relational, not isolated individuals. |
| What does Hermeneutics emphasize in teaching and learning? | Interpretation and meaning-making in community — rejecting detached objectivity and affirming that understanding is always mediated by culture, language, and history. |
| How does Constructivism differ from Hermeneutics? | Hermeneutics assumes a real world to be interpreted; Constructivism claims reality is actively constructed through cognitive and social processes. |
| What is the “flat ontology” mistake, and who makes it? | The error of collapsing reality into only observable events (empirical/actual), denying deeper causal mechanisms — attributed to Empiricists and Positivists. |
| What is alethic truth? | The deepest, often hidden truth about reality (in the “real” domain of Critical Realism) — distinct from what is merely observed or experienced. |
| What is the “spaceship” metaphor in Lyotard’s writing? | A child’s yearning for freedom, play, and imagination — contrasting formal schooling’s coercion with education as liberation toward one’s dreams. |
| How does Giroux’s Critical Pedagogy differ from Freire’s? | Both seek emancipation, but Giroux emphasizes pedagogy as politics — linking classroom practice to democratic public life and cultural critique. |
| What does Posthumanism mean by “entanglement”? | That humans, animals, machines, and environments intra-act and co-constitute each other — dissolving strict human/nature, mind/body binaries. |
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