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Poli 100
Test 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Pluralist perspective | A perspective that views public policies as the outcome of competition among a wide variety of organized groups that seek to protect and promote the interest of their members, no group having dominant influence |
| Pluralist system | In which many groups representing a wide variety of interests are able to influence the decisions of government. Government tries to satisfy as many groups as possible |
| Political Pluralism | Centers of power that are independent of government compete to influence government, |
| Issue network | groups that spontaneously develops to express the views of people on a particular issue, concern, or grievance; not necessary strong organized; temporarily based issues and different perspective of united issue. |
| Institutionalized group | group that developed a formal organization, including such features as a well-established membership base. paid staff, permanent offices, keep its members and public aware of its views. |
| Lobbying | An effort to persuade those involved in making and implementing public politics to adopt and implement policies favoured by an individual, business, or group particularly through direct personal contact |
| Advocacy | Group that pursues the common interest of groups of people, particularly by trying to influence the development, adoption, and implementation of public policies |
| Social movements | mobilization of larger numbers of people to work together to deal with social problems. It is a persistent and organized effort to either bring about what participants believe to be beneficial social change or in some cases to resist change viewed as harm |
| Political violence | The use of coercive force to achieve political objective. Unintentional strikes, throwing things, guerrilla warfare, assassination, terrorism and revolution. |
| Conventional political participation | Voting, lobbying, interest groups, petitions, legal demonstrations, boycotts, marches |
| Unconventional political participation | unofficial strikes, illegal demonstrations, peaceful occupations, civil disobedience |
| Repertoire of Contention | Collection of known and available protest tactics that a social movement or group uses. |
| Logic of Action | Mechanics and rationality of bringing about a desired change in the world |
| Logic of bearing witness | Less about direct causal input and more about moral recognition and affirmation of particular truth |
| Democracy | all adult citizens should have an equal and effective voice in the decisions of self governing political communities |
| Closed autocracy | No multiparty elections for the chief executive or the legislature |
| Electoral autocracy | multiparty elections for the chief executive and the legislature but elections are not truly free |
| Electoral Democracy | The rule of law or liberal principle does not satisfy. Primary focus on process of elections. |
| Liberal Democracy | combines liberal ideal of limited government, individual freedom and rule of law with democratic system of governing based on the election of representatives, |
| Constitutional Democracy | Requires rule of law, commitment to idea of the popular sovereignty, must protect minorities, order and stability in society but enough flexibility to adapt and accommodate social changes. |
| Democratic Deficit | exhibited in low levels of trust and confidence in government and politicians increased protest activities and feeling that people have little influence on government. |
| Failed State | State that is unable to enforce law maintain order protect the lives of citizens and provide basic services |
| Constitution | the fundamental rules and principles by which a state is governed. |
| Constitutional arrangement | features of the constitution that shapes the basic features of the political system such as separation of power, responsibilities between levels of gov and branches of gov. what ideology, political system and separation of power. |
| The absolutist consitution | the ruler are above the law, norms reflect rather then restrict the absolute power of those who govern and rejection of popular sovereignty |
| The legislative supremacy constitution | Elections legitimate legislation authority, constitutions is not entrenched, there is not mechanism to revise the constitution, parliament sovereignty. no constraints on legislative power. |
| The higher law of the land | Constitution highest law, binds legislature and the executive, it establishes an independent, judicial means of enforcing these rights, entrenched and rules to amend the constitution is outlined in the law |
| Totalitarian | a form of authoritarian regime that aims to control everything about the lives of its subject. An official ideology, zero accountability, no elections |
| Theocracy | an authoritarian state controlled by religious leaders or a state with very strict religious restrictions that uses religion as its main mode of legitimation. |
| Personalistic autocracy | a form of authoritarian in which the personality of the dictator is highlighted. |
| Bureaucratic authoritarian regime | a type of authoritarian regime that was associated with control of the state more by a group of elites than by a single individual leader. |
| Illiberal democracy | a policy with some democratic features but in which political and civil rights are not all guaranteed and protected |
| Delegative democracy | a hybrid form of regime that is democratic bit involves the electorate "delegating" significant authority to a government. |
| Military authoritarian | Rule by a military institution. They are headed by a military general or group of high ranking military officers, Power concentrated in on military generation. |
| Absolute monarchs | A political system in which a King or Queen has total power unconstrained by law. |
| Institutional dictatorship | An undemocratic government controlled by a establish political institution. |
| Self interest groups/pressure groups | pursue their own interests and try to influence public policy to benefit their members or economic goals such as profit, wages, jobs, ect. economic and occupational interests. |
| Public interest groups/ action groups | Groups who promote a position on certain issues or a particular cause that they believe to be in the interest. consider outsiders to the governments, work in the interest of their organizational mandate |
| Issue oriented interest groups/ Issue Network | spontaneously develops to express the views of people on particular issue, concern or grievance. |
| Institutionalized groups | a group that has developed a formal organization, including features as a well established membership base paid staff, permanent offices, and the capability to keep members and the public aware of views and activities. |
| Inside stratagies | Lobbying and consultations |
| outside strategies | election campaigning, ligation (turning to courts) and protest |
| Absolute deprivation theory | social movements develop when people are unable to obtain adequate food, shelter or basic needs. |
| Relative deprivation theory Decremental | Involves a drop in living standard, severe economic downturn - expectation standard of living will remain stable - fustraton |
| Relative deprivation theory Disequilibrium | Economic growth, economic development, reforms but standard of living not improving or worsening |
| Relative deprivation theory Progressive deprivation | occurs when society experiences a prolonged periodic of economic/political decline. |
| Relative deprivation theory Aspirational deprivation | New information convincing people that their living conditions are unacceptable and can be changed causing rise and support for social movement |
| Resource Mobilization and political opportunities | political opportunities or events that allow actors to mobilize resources. |
| Rational Choice | strong belief in the cause offsets cost. share short/long term collective benefit free riders. |
| Cultural and framing | how issues is framed, framing of policies and political issues, historical grievance, broadening of the message use of communication. |
| Alternative social movement | looking at a selective part of the population and the amount of change is limited due to this |
| Redemption social movement | selective part of population but seeking radical change |
| Reformative social movement | looking at everyone, but they seen a limited change |
| revolutionary social movement | wants to change society |
| Techno optimists | argue social media platforms can help solve problems and play a crucial role in facilitating social movements. |
| Techno pessimist | social media has little to no meaningful impact because people are largely passive consumers |
| techno ambivalent | middle ground, social media not irrelevant but not a trigger that initiates change. |
| diagnostic framing | social movement problem is clear |
| prognostic framing | problem is defined but solution is offered and explained how it can get implemented |
| motivational framing | action orientated - call to action to encourage people to join the movement. |
| framing alignment | ongoing and intentional means of recruiting a diverse of participants to the movement. |
| Parliamentary democracy | system of gov in which citizens elected representatives to the legislative parliament. Parliament is apex of power |
| Representative democracy | citizens participate in choosing their representatives |
| expansive democracy | considers the important democratic deficit, representative that introduced some mechanisms of direct participation |
| participatory democracy | citizens regularly consulted in public democracies spaces dedicated to public involvement |
| Deliberate democracy | citizens elected officials and bureaucracy make decisions collectively. |
| Polarization | the division of political attitudes towards ideological extremes, characterized by widening gap between opposing political groups and a decreased moderate view. |
| cultural populism | right winged, people are the native members of national state, anti immagration |
| socio economic populism | people are honest and hardworking in the working class. Financial institutions and capitalism inequalities, left winged |
| anti establishment populism | true people are hard working and victims of the state ran by their own interest, against the elites seen as self serving and promote reform against corruption. |
| Hybrid populism | mixed argument, centre of left and right winged. |
| Democratization modernization theory | robust linkage between socio-economic development and democratization. correlation found between democracies and social structure, level of education, life in urban areas. Democracy more stable in affluent countries - higher income, larger middle class |
| Democratization Cultural theory | democratization requires social and cultural prerequisites. Existence of pluralism in society, change of culture is possible when citizens are disenchanted with elite in power and collectivist society less likely to adopt democracy. |
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AtlasGenius12
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