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GENETICS
Exam 3-Mod 9-12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the function of the enzyme DNA polymerase during DNA replication? | To add nucleotides to the existing RNA primer |
| In one minute, human DNA polymerase replicates about ________ bases. | 1000 |
| Next generation sequencing techniques | -attaching short DNA pieces in a flow cell for sequencing -Using grapheme to measure how each base disrupts an electrical field -adding DNA to tiny beads and using a laser to read the synthesized sequence |
| The nitrogenous bases that have a double ring structure are called _________. | purines |
| A particular gene is 13,066 nucleotides long. This is ________ | about 13 kilobases |
| Meselson and Stahl's experiment folloewed _________ | the distribution of different -weighted DNA over multiple generations of bacteria |
| Chargaff showed that DNA in several species contains equal amounts guanine and ___________. | cytosine |
| In DNA replication, | the parental DNA splits and free nucleotides bond to their complements, building two DNA molecules from one. |
| Fragments of discontinuous DNA synthesis are called | Okazaki fragments |
| Which researchers showed that DNA is the genetic material? | Hershey and Chase |
| The linear order of amino acids in a polypeptide is the _________ structure of a protein. | primary |
| The _________ is a multiprotein structure shaped like a barrel through which misfoldedproteins pass and are refolded or dismantled. | proteasome |
| Transcription factors account for a greater proportion of the proteome in a fetus compared to a 20 yr old because _________ | cells are actively differentiating and many structures are forming in a fetus. |
| Addition of acetyl groups to histone proteins activates gene expression. T/F | True |
| Identify noncoding RNAs | -rRNAs -tRNAs |
| A ________ is very similiar in sequence to a protein-encoding gene and may be transcribed, but is not translated into protein. | pseudogene |
| During transcription, RNA is synthesized........ | beginning at thr 5' end of the RNA molecule |
| A feature of the methylated cap of an mRNA is that it _____ | consists of a backwardly inserted guanine (G) |
| In eukaryotic mRNA, the parts that remain after processing and are translated into amino acid sequences are called the ________ | exons |
| RNA contains which nitrogen-containing bases? | adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil |
| A ribozyme is _________ | an RNA that can catalyze a specific chemical reaction |
| The 2 ways by which proteins misfold are ________ and ________ | -from a mutation -by having more than one confirmation |
| Which are descriptions of DNA | -double stranded -contains thymine -contains deoxyribose |
| From smallest to largest, place the types of RMA molecules in order | tRNA, rRNA, mRNA |
| small nuclear RNAs | part of splicosomes |
| connect mRNA codons to ensure the correct amino acid is added | tRNAs |
| process ribosomal RNAs | small nucleolar RNAs |
| parts of genes that are cut out from a gene transcript before its translated into a protein | introns |
| adds bases to the end of chromosomes to maintain their length | telomerase RNA |
| inactivated one of the sex chromosome in female mammals | xist RNA |
| A way in which the expression of a gene can exceed the normal pace is if a person has ________ | more than one copy of it |
| The chemical basis for globin chain switching is that different globin polypeptide chains attract _________ molecules to different degrees. | oxygen |
| In the embryo, most hemoglobin molecules consist of ___________ | 2 epsilon chains and 2 zeta chains |
| Which inherited disease is caused by unstable transposons? | Tay-Sachs disease |
| Modifiers of gene expression include | specific classes of proteins and RNA molecules |
| Mutations are more likely to occur in repeated DNA sequences because ________ | bases in the strand can form base pairs, generating loops that interfere with replication and repair enzymes |
| Identify the gene that causes the rapid aging disorder Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome, muscular dystrophies, and a heart disorder | lamin A |
| What disease is matched with the GBA (glucocerebrosidase) gene | Gaucher disease and Parkinson's |
| What disease is matched with the FBN1 (fibrillin 1) gene | Marfan syndrome and systems |
| What disease is matched with the PSEN1 (presenelin 1) gene | Acne inversa and Alzheimer |
| What disease is matched with the ATP7A (copper transport) gene | Menkes disease and peripheral |
| A researcher might use site-directed mutagenesis because ________ | mutation can happen at a specific site in the genome, compared to a mutagen that might cause mutations in several genes |
| Xeroderma pigmentosum is associated with malfunction in what types of DNA repair? | |
| DNA sequences that vary in number from one person to another are called _______ | copy number variants |
| The mode of action of ionizing radiation is that it __________ | breaks the DNA sugar-phosphate backbone |
| All mutations in the beta-globing gene reduce the affinity of the molecule for oxygen. T/F | False |
| A ________ mutation removes DNA. | deletion |
| A mutation is more likely to affect a differientiated cell than a stem cell due to | |
| Describe the experiments that demonstrated that DNA is the genetic material and that protein is not. | |
| Explain how Watson and Crick deduced the 3 dimensional structure of DNA | |
| List the 3 components of a DNA nucleotide | |
| Explain how 2 chains of nucleotides from a DNA molecule | |
| Describe how a long DNA molecule folds and loops | |
| Explain the semiconservative mechanism of DNA replication | |
| List the steps of DNA replication | |
| Explain how the polymerase chain reaction is used to amplify DNA outside cells | |
| Explain the basic strategy used to determine the base sequence of a DNA molecule | |
| Explain how next-generation sequencing improves upon Sanger sequencing | |
| Explain the relationship between proteins and amino acids | |
| Explain the relationship between genes and proteins | |
| List the major types of RNA molecules and their functions | |
| Explain the importance of transcription factors | |
| List the steps of transcription | |
| Discuss how researchers deduced the genetic code | |
| List the steps of protein synthesis | |
| Define the 4 components of a protein's shape | |
| Explain the importance of protein folding. | |
| Epigenetic | |
| Explain how development of the placenta, globin chain switching, development of organs, and the types of proteins cells make over time illustrate gene expression. | |
| Explain how small molecules binding to histone proteins contro gene expression by remodeling chromatin. | |
| Explain how microRNAs and microproteins control transcription. | |
| Explain how division of genes into exons and introns maximizes the number of encoded proteins. | |
| Discuss how viral DNA, noncoding RNAs, and repeated DNA sequences account for large proportions of the human genome. | |
| Distingiush between mutation and mutant | |
| Define polymorphism | |
| Dinstinguish between germline and somatic mutations | |
| Describe mutations in the genes that encode beta globin and collagen | |
| Provide examples of how mutations in a single gene can cause more than one illness | |
| Explain how mutations arise spontaneously and how they may be induced | |
| Describe the 2 types of single based mutations | |
| Explain the consequences of a splice-site mutation | |
| Discuss mutations that add, remove, or move DNA nucleotides | |
| Describe how pseudogenes and transposons can cause mutations | |
| Give examples of how the location of a mutation in a gene affects the phenotype | |
| Describe a conditional mutation | |
| List the types of damage that DNA repair mechanisms fix | |
| Describe the types of DNA repair |
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vtlove116
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