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AMSTUD P4 vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Marbury vs. Madison (1803) | Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review |
| Chief Justice John Marshall | Supreme Court chief justice who strengthened the power of the federal government and the judiciary |
| Judicial Review | The power of the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional |
| Barbary Pirates | North African pirates who demanded tribute from American merchant ships, leading to Jefferson’s naval action |
| Louisiana Purchase | 1803 land deal between the U.S. and France that doubled the size of the nation |
| Lewis & Clark Expedition | Journey commissioned by Jefferson to explore and map the Louisiana Territory |
| Aaron Burr | Jefferson’s vice president who killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel and was later tried for treason |
| Impressment | British practice of forcing American sailors into the Royal Navy |
| Embargo Act of 1807 | Jefferson’s ban on foreign trade intended to protect American interests but hurt the U.S. economy |
| James Madison | Fourth U.S. president who led the nation during the War of 1812 |
| War of 1812 | Conflict between the U.S. and Britain over trade restrictions, impressment, and frontier expansion |
| Tecumseh | Shawnee leader who sought to unite Native tribes against American expansion |
| Battle of Tippecanoe | 1811 conflict between U.S. forces and Native warriors that weakened Native resistance |
| War Hawks | Young Democratic-Republicans who pushed for war with Britain in 1812 |
| Francis Scott Key | Author of “The Star-Spangled Banner” during the Battle of Fort McHenry |
| Treaty of Ghent | 1814 treaty ending the War of 1812 with no territorial changes |
| Hartford Convention | 1814 Federalist meeting opposing the War of 1812 that led to the party’s decline |
| Battle of New Orleans | Final battle of the War of 1812, a major U.S. victory led by Andrew Jackson |
| Macon’s Bill No. 2 | 1810 law reopening trade with Britain and France if they respected U.S. neutrality |
| Erie Canal | Waterway connecting the Hudson River to the Great Lakes, boosting trade and settlement |
| Samuel F. Morse | Inventor of the telegraph and Morse code |
| Eli Whitney | Inventor of the cotton gin and developer of interchangeable parts |
| Cyrus Hall McCormick | Inventor of the mechanical reaper, revolutionizing agriculture |
| Lowell System | Factory system using young women workers in textile mills |
| Market Revolution | Shift toward a national economy of trade, manufacturing, and wage labor |
| Industrial Revolution | Period of rapid industrialization transforming the U.S. economy and society |
| “Cult of Domesticity” | Ideal that women’s roles were confined to home and family life |
| Irish Potato Famine | 1840s famine causing mass Irish immigration to the U.S. |
| Nativism | Anti-immigrant sentiment favoring native-born Americans |
| Know-Nothing Party | Nativist political party opposing immigration and Catholic influence |
| German Immigration | Migration of Germans seeking political freedom and economic opportunity |
| Irish Immigration | Mass migration of Irish people escaping famine and poverty |
| John C. Calhoun | Southern politician who supported states’ rights and nullification |
| Henry Clay | Kentucky senator known for the American System and the Missouri Compromise |
| Daniel Webster | Northern senator who supported nationalism and opposed nullification |
| Tariff of 1816 | First protective tariff designed to aid American industry |
| “American System” | Henry Clay’s plan for internal improvements, a national bank, and protective tariffs |
| James Monroe | Fifth U.S. president known for the Monroe Doctrine and Era of Good Feelings |
| “Era of Good Feelings” | Period of national unity following the War of 1812 |
| Oregon Country | Region jointly occupied by the U.S. and Britain, later divided by treaty |
| Panic of 1819 | Economic depression caused by bank failures and falling crop prices |
| Missouri Compromise 1820 | Agreement admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state |
| Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824) | Supreme Court decision granting Congress power over interstate commerce |
| Monroe Doctrine 1823 | Policy warning European powers not to interfere in the Western Hemisphere |
| Andrew Jackson | Seventh U.S. president known for populism, the Bank War, and Indian Removal |
| “Corrupt Bargain” | 1824 election deal alleged between Adams and Clay against Jackson |
| John Quincy Adams | Sixth president who promoted national improvement programs |
| Spoils System | Practice of rewarding political supporters with government jobs |
| Nullification Crisis | 1832 dispute over states’ right to reject federal tariffs |
| Trail of Tears | Forced relocation of Native Americans to territory west of the Mississippi |
| Indian Removal Act | 1830 law authorizing relocation of southeastern tribes to western lands |
| Martin Van Buren | Eighth president blamed for the Panic of 1837 |
| Tariff of 1832 | Revised tariff that failed to resolve southern opposition and sparked nullification |
| Anti-Masonic Party | First third party in the U.S., opposed secret societies and elite power |
| Specie Circular | Jackson’s order requiring land payments in gold or silver |
| Panic of 1837 | Financial crisis caused by bank failures and the Specie Circular |
| Uncle Tom’s Cabin | Harriet Beecher Stowe’s novel exposing the cruelty of slavery |
| “Peculiar Institution” | Euphemism for slavery in the southern United States |
| Paternalism | Southern justification for slavery portraying masters as caretakers of slaves |
| Yeomen Farmers | Independent small landowners in the South who owned few or no slaves |
| Mulattoes | People of mixed African and European ancestry |
| “Spirituals” | Religious folk songs created by enslaved African Americans |
| Nat Turner’s Rebellion | 1831 slave uprising in Virginia that increased southern fear of revolt |
| Transcendentalism | Philosophical movement emphasizing individual intuition and harmony with nature |
| Shakers | Religious group practicing communal living and celibacy |
| Second Great Awakening | Religious revival movement emphasizing salvation and reform |
| Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints | Mormon church founded by Joseph Smith in the 1830s |
| American Temperance Society | Organization promoting abstinence from alcohol |
| Horace Mann | Education reformer who advocated for public schooling |
| Ralph Waldo Emerson | Transcendentalist writer who promoted self-reliance and individualism |
| Henry David Thoreau | Transcendentalist known for “Walden” and civil disobedience |
| Emily Dickinson | Poet known for her unique style and themes of death and nature |
| Edgar Allan Poe | Author and poet famous for dark, gothic works |
| Dorthea Lynde Dix | Reformer who improved conditions for the mentally ill and prisoners |
| Elizabeth Cady Stanton | Leader of the women’s rights movement and Seneca Falls organizer |
| Abolition | Movement to end slavery in the United States |
| William Lloyd Harrison | (William Lloyd Garrison) Abolitionist and publisher of The Liberator |
| Fredrick Douglas | (Frederick Douglass) Former enslaved man and leading abolitionist orator |
| Underground Railroad | Network of routes and safe houses used by enslaved people to escape north |
| Harriet Tubman | Former enslaved woman and conductor on the Underground Railroad |
| Sojourner Truth | Abolitionist and women’s rights activist known for her “Ain’t I a Woman?” speech |
| Seneca Falls Convention | 1848 women’s rights meeting that issued the Declaration of Sentiments |
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