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Medical Ch 1-2
Medical Ch 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Spinal Cord | myel/o |
| Muscle | my/o |
| Bone | oste/o |
| Nerve | neur/o |
| Joint | arthr/o |
| -algia | pain, suffering |
| -dynia | pain |
| ectomy | surgical removal, cutting out |
| gram | picture or record |
| hyper- | excessive, increased |
| hypo | deficient, decreased |
| itis | inflammation |
| osis | abnormal condition, disease |
| ostomy | the surgical creation of an artificial opening to the body surface |
| pre | before, in front of |
| plasty | surgical repair |
| rrhage | bleeding, abnormal excessive fluid discharge |
| rrhaphy | surgical suturing |
| sclerosis | abnormal hardening |
| rrhea | flow or discharging |
| cyan/o | blue |
| erythr/o | red |
| leuk/o | white |
| melan/o | black |
| poli/o | gray |
| gastr | stomach |
| enter | intestine |
| Gastralgia | stomachache |
| Gastrodynia | pain in stomach |
| Gastritis | inflammation of the stomach |
| Hepatomegaly | is abnormal enlargement of the liver |
| gastrosis | means any disease of the stomach |
| -megaly | enlargement |
| hepat/o | liver |
| malacia | abnormal softening |
| arteri/o | artery |
| necrosis | tissue death |
| stenosis | abnormal narrowing |
| centesis | is a surgical puncture to remove fluid for diagnostic purposes or to remove excess fluid. |
| (abdomin/o | abdomen |
| Abdominocentesis | is the surgical puncture of the abdominal cavity to remove fluid |
| (ot/o | ears |
| laryng | larynx |
| edema | is swelling caused by an abnormal accumulation of fluid in cells, tissues, or cavities of the body. |
| ather/o | means plaque or fatty substance |
| -oma | tumor |
| pyel | renal pelvis |
| col | colon |
| fissure | is a groove or crack-like sore of the skin |
| fistula | is an abnormal passage, usu- ally between two internal organs or leading from an organ to the surface of the body. A fistula may be due to surgery, injury, or the draining of an abscess. |
| Endarterial | means pertaining to the interior or lining of an artery |
| atheroma | fatty deposit within the wall of an artery |
| ectomy | means surgical removal. |
| ostomy | the surgical creation of an artificial opening to the body surface. |
| otomy | means cutting or a surgical incision. |
| pyel | renal pelvis |
| ileum | last and longest part of the small intestine |
| cephal | means head |
| caud | means tail or lower part of the body |
| Distal | means situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure. |
| Medial | means the direction toward, or nearer, the midline. |
| Proximal | means situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure. |
| Lateral | means the direction toward, or nearer, the side of the body, away from the midline. |
| Posterior | means situated in the back. It also means on the back part of an organ |
| Superior | means uppermost, above, or toward the head |
| cranial cavity | which is located within the skull, surrounds and protects the brain. |
| spinal cavity | located within the spinal column, surrounds and protects the spinal cord. |
| dorsal cavity | along the back of the body and head, contains organs of the nervous system |
| ventral cavity | located along the front of the body, contains the organs that sustain homeostasis. |
| thoracic cavity | known as the chest cavity or thorax, surrounds and protects the heart and the lungs |
| diaphragm | a muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. |
| abdominal cavity | contains the major organs of digestion |
| pelvic cavity | is the space formed by the hip bones and contains the organs of the reproduc- tive and excretory systems. |
| abdominopelvic cavity | refers to these two cavities as a single unit |
| inguinal | which means relating to the groin, refers to the entire lower area of the abdomen. |
| right and left hypochondriac regions | are covered by the lower ribs |
| chondr/i | means cartilage |
| epigastric region | is located above the stomach |
| right and left lumbar regions | are located near the inward curve of the spine |
| lumb | lower back |
| umbilical region | surrounds the umbilicus, which is commonly known as the belly button or navel. |
| right and left iliac regions | are located near the hip bones |
| hypogastric region | is located below the stomach |
| RUQ, LUG, RLQ, LLQ | |
| peritoneum | is a multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity. |
| parietal peritoneum | is the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall. |
| mesentery | is a fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall. |
| visceral peritoneum | is the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity. |
| Retroperitoneal | means located behind the peritoneum |
| Peritonitis | inflammation of peritoneum |
| Cystic fibrosis | is a genetic disorder that is present at birth and affects both the respiratory and digestive systems |
| Down syndrome | also known as trisomy 21, is a genetic variation that is associated with a characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities, developmental delays, and physical abnormalities such as heart valve disease |
| Fragile X syndrome | is caused by changes in the MR1 gene that usually makes a protein needed for normal brain development. The condition is characterized by developmental delays, learning disabilities, and social and behavior problems. |
| Hemophilia | is a hereditary bleeding disorder in which a blood-clotting factor is missing. |
| Huntington’s disease | is a genetic disorder -condition causes nerve degeneration with symptoms that most often appear in midlife. |
| Marfan syndrome | is a disorder affecting the connective tissue throughout the body, including the heart, eyes, blood vessels and musculoskeletal system. |
| Muscular dystrophy | is a group of genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement |
| Phenylketonuria | is a rare genetic disorder in which the essential diges- tive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing |
| ■■ Epithelium | specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous membranes |
| Endothelium | specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs. |
| Connective tissue | support and connect organs and other body tissues. |
| Dense connective tissues | bone and cartilage, form the joints and framework of the body. |
| Adipose tissue | fat, pro- vides protective padding, insulation, and support |
| Loose connective tissue | holds organ in place and binds tissue together |
| Fluid connective tissues | lood and lymph, transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body. |
| aplasia | the defective develop- ment, or the congenital absence, of an organ or tissue |
| Hypoplasia | under- development of an organ or tissue, usually due to a de- ficiency in the number of cells |
| Anaplasia | is a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other |
| Dysplasia | is the abnormal devel- opment or growth of cells, or the presence of abnormal cells within a type of tissue |
| Hyperplasia | is an increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ |
| Hypertrophy | is a general in- crease in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size, but not in the number, of cells in the tissues |
| Exocrine glands | secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body. |
| Endocrine gland | which produce hor- mones, do not have ducts |
| Skeletal System | Bones, joints, and cartilage |
| Muscular System | Muscles, fascia, and tendons |
| Cardiovascular System | Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, and blood |
| Lymphatic System | Lymph, lymphatic vessels, and lymph nodes |
| Immune System | Tonsils, spleen, thymus, skin, and specialized blood cells |
| Respiratory System | Nose, pharynx, trachea, larynx, and lungs |
| Digestive System | Mouth, teeth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, and pancreas |
| Urinary System | Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra |
| Nervous System | Nerves, brain, and spinal cord |
| Integumentary System | Skin, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands |
| Endocrine System | Adrenal glands, gonads, pancreas, parathyroids, pineal, pituitary, thymus, and thyroid |
| Reproductive Systems | Male: penis and testicles; Female: ovaries, uterus, and vagina |
| Bloodborne transmission | is the spread of pathogens through infected blood or other body fluids. Examples include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B, and most sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). |
| Direct transmission | occurs when there is human-to- human contact in the form of touch or the exchange of bodily fluids. |
| communicable disease | also known as a contagious disease, is any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either directly or by indirect contact with contaminated ob- jects. |
| Pathogen | is a disease-producing microorganism such as a virus. |
| Droplet transmission | is the spread of infected respi- ratory droplets sprayed by coughing or sneezing onto a nearby person, which can transmit diseases such as measles, cold, COVID-19, and flu |
| Indirect contact transmission | occurs in situations in which a susceptible person is infected by contact with a contaminated surface. |
| Airborne transmission | occurs through contact with pathogens floating in the air. particles is especially concerning in healthcare settings during aerosol-generating procedures such as endo- tracheal intubation or open suctioning. |
| Food-borne and waterborne transmission | also known as fecal-oral transmission, is caused by eating or drinking contaminated food or water that has not been properly treated to remove contamination or kill any pathogens present. |
| Vector-borne transmission | an insect bite, is the spread of certain disease through blood-sucking vectors. |
| Endemic | refers to the ongoing pres- ence of a disease within a population, group, or area |
| epidemic | is a sudden and wide- spread outbreak of a disease within a specific popula- tion group or area |
| Pandemic | refers to an outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, possi- bly worldwide |
| organic disorder | produces symp- toms that are detectable physical changes in the body. |
| functional disorder/non-organic disorder | produces physical symptoms for which no disease or other organic cause can be identified. |
| iatrogenic illness | is an unfa- vorable response due to prescribed medical treatment. |
| idiopathic disease | s any disease without a known cause |
| Infectious disease | is an illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses |
| nosocomial infection | also known as a hospital-acquired infection (HAI), is a disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting |
| syndrome | is a set of signs and symptoms that occur together as part of a specific disease process. |
| Metabolic syndrome | is a common medical condi- tion characterized by risk factors for developing heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes |
| congenital disorder | is an abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth. |
| developmental disorder/birth defect | can result in an anomaly or malformation such as the absence of a limb or the presence of an extra toe. |
| atresia | describes the con- genital absence or narrowing of a normal body opening or passage. |
| Prenatal risk factors | Rubella infection(viral), Fetal alcohol syndrome(FAS) |
| Premature birth, | birth that occurs earlier than the 37th week of developmen |
| health care proxy (HCP) | also referred to as a durable power of attorney for health care, is an advance directive allowing the person to appoint a trusted person, such as a family member of close friend, to make treatment decisions should the patient be unable to make them. |
| Living will | also known as Physician’s Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment (POLST), is a document that allows a person to state their wishes for end-of-life medical care, in case they become unable to communi- cate their decisions. |
| Do Not Resuscitate order (DNR) | no code or allow natural death, is a legal document stating that a person does not wish to receive car- diopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if their heart or breathing stop. |
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