Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
socio exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| describe global context for family and a well-functioning family | family forms, values, roles & norms very diverse between cultures, shown by cross-cultural historical evidence. A well-functioning family has genuine love, caring & emotional support from each member to another & ability to meet all individual needs |
| polygamy | marriage with 2+ spouses (illegal in canada) |
| polygyny | one man married to 2+ wives |
| polyandry | one woman married to 2+ husbands |
| endogamy | marrying from within one's group |
| exogamy | marrying outside one's group |
| describe relationship between endogamy & ethnicity in Canada context | strong tradition among many ethnic groups to practice endogamy. Canadians becoming increasingly more comfortable with inter-ethnic marriages - tend to be younger, higher socioeconomic status & live in urban area |
| describe the census family | statistics Canada definition of family: a married or common-law couple with or without children, or a lone parent of any marital status cohabitating with one never-married child |
| variation & trends in family structure | the definition of family had been expanding in Canada to include other kinds of relationships. The rates of single parents, blended families, and couples without children are rising |
| brief history of family & ethnicity in Canada | historically, federal government has created policies that denied family to communities of people, ex. Chinese Head Tax, residential schools, mistreatment of domestic workers, sexual sterilization without consent, etc. |
| describe social & health consequences of family life | stressful elements of family life (ex. abuse, divorce), cost of living increasing (difficult for families to live on single incomes), people less dependent on marriage, senior care homes make old adults less dependent on their children |
| structural-functionalist perspective on family | family performs function that serves society (replenish poop. socialize children, etc), concerned how institutions affect families & maintaining order in society |
| conflict perspective on family | concerned with distribution of power within families (ex. patriarchy) & social justice. Powerful/wealthy segment of society shapes programs & policies affecting families (dominant culture). |
| symbolic interactionist perspective on family | concerned w social meanings & definitions (ex. divorce, single parenthood) - as meanings become less negative, behaviours more common. Self-fulfilling prophecy: when family members label each other, they may act according to label (social tattoo) |
| changes in the Canadian family: marriage rate is decreasing | *stopped collecting marriage rate in 2011 (peaked 1950, low 2001). Common-law union increasing, highest in Quebec. Commercial & secular aspects of wedding ceremony celebrated by shows like Say Yes to the Dress |
| changes in the Canadian family: age of first marriage & first birth is rising. How are these related? | in the 1960s/70s, 20yo was avg. age. In 2008, 30yo was avg. age. It is normalized for women to wait until marriage to have children and more preferred in the dominant culture |
| changes in the Canadian family: # of children per family has dropped.... (finish sentence) | ...below the replacement rate. This means that in Canada, more people are dying than being born, and the population is depending on immigration to sustain itself/grow. |
| what is the replacement rate? What is it currently and when was its high? | 2.1: The net # of children per family required to replace those who have died. It is 1.33 as of 2022 and was 3.8 in 1961 |
| changes in the Canadian family: significant change in the # of divorces. What type of factors are contributing to this change? Are there more or less divorces than before? | Individual & social factors. Divorce rate was low for a long time, peaked after Canada passed the divorce act, and lowered a bit but remains steady(?) |
| individual factors contributing to divorce | infidelity (cheating), money - financial tension, health - sickness, SUDs, boredom, personality differences, new goals (different life paths), prone to divorce - remarried, cohabitated before marriage, etc. |
| social factors contributing to divorce | Divorce Act - 1968 (previously had to prove adultery/abuse), women economic autonomy - can support themselves outside of a man, relaxed cultural norms - divorce status less negative, increased work demands, changing function of the family |
| consequences of divorce for children | poorer psychological well-being (trauma), poorer physical health, lower educational attainment, income decrease (men), occupational prestige, increased risk of undergoing divorce themselves. Most of these are related to poverty |
| describe what is meant by "second shift" | refers to a parent (traditionally the wife) going home after paid work & doing most of the unpaid work - housework, child care, etc. |
| changes in the Canadian family: # of lone-parent families increasing | high poverty rate for these types of families |
| changes in the Canadian family: more people living alone than before | this is highest for those 85+ (elderly women especially). in 1996 - 12%, in 2016 - 28.2% |
| changes in the Canadian family: children leaving home at a later age | this leads to delayed life transitions for the children. Often due to lack of financial stability, educational attainment, or lack of relationship. |
| describe the nest analogy for family with children | the cluttered nest is when adult children are living at home with their parents/grandparents, then the empty nest is when they leave whether by choice or force. |
| describe the boomerang effect | when an adult child leaves (often with a partner) and slingshots back after facing adversity - "failure to launch." Often due to a failed relationship, difficulty finding a job or making enough to support themselves. |
| name all 8 trends in the Canadian family | marriage rate decreasing, age of first marriage increasing, age of first birth increasing, # of children per family below replacement rate, change in # of divorces, increased # of lone-parents, more people living alone, children leaving home at later age |
| define formal, informal & non-formal education | formal education: government built/mandated schooling; informal education: family teachings, socialization, etc.; non-formal education: camp, boy/girl scouts, etc. |
| describe macro-level sociological analysis on schooling | attempt to explain life in entire societies; Quantitative analysis, structural functionalism; may look at connection of trends in schooling to modernizing social forces like science & technology |
| describe micro-level sociological analysis on schooling | concerned w face-to-face interactions; Qualitative analysis, symbolic interactionism; Ex. a teacher's attempts to exert control in a classroom, differences between middle-class & lower-class treatment, etc. |
| describe Durkheim's perspective on schooling | schooling = systematic socialization of young people; Education promotes social order and should: stress learning of rules that benefit society, include scientific training & help people improve their material conditions |
| what is a flaw of the structural functionalist approach to schooling? | it assumes all people have equality of opportunity - an unbiased meritocracy |
| describe Marx's perspective on schooling | capitalism is an exploitative system; Dominant ideas in society are ideas of the dominant class; Education supports capitalism: teaches skills & values for the capitalist workplace; Schooling reinforces ruling class ideology & legitimates inequalities |
| describe Weber's perspective on schooling | organized schooling spreads scientific principles; Part of the growing # of bureaucratic organizations (disenchantment); Education certificates have social privilege - rationalization = increase in specialized knowledges |
| what are 2 reasons for reforming education, according to Sir Ken Robinson? | for 1. economic and 2. cultural reasons |
| describe school as a "production line" | school is a factory modelled by the interests of industry, funneling children one-by-one, or rather, cohort-by-cohort, through the system to make them better workers or fit their place in society, often pre-determined by their parents' socioeconomic class |
| describe divergent thinking | the capacity for creativity; it deteriorates as we age & are told over & over there is only one answer or right way to do things. We are increasingly moving towards homogeneity & bureaucratic school model |
| describe influence of education on society | one of the most important institutions in society; influences socialization, status, social order & economic productivity |
| assimilation model of education | Canada viewed as white Protestant nation into which minority must assimilate or be integrated; Multicultural on surface, systemic racism underlying; Diversity excluded in curriculum for a lonngg time and still lacking |
| residential schools | total institutions that forcibly removed over 120,000 indigenous children from their families and stripped them of their cultural identities in efforts to assimilate them into dominant white, Protestant culture |
| describe the emergence of public education | before Industrial revolution there was no public education - in interests of ruling elite to keep the population illiterate; in beginning, funding schooling by tax dollars was revolutionary and highly contested |
| describe the hidden curriculum | aka the latent curriculum of the education system that teaches using norms, rules and biases, informed by the social locations and biases of teachers and/or peers. Performs the latent function |
| latent function | structural functionalist POV (Robert Merton): hidden curriculum performs latent function by teaching norms of society ex. value of work, need to respect authority, efficient use of one's time |
| latent dysfunction | conflict theorist POV: hidden curriculum performing latent dysfunction ex. reproducing class system by hindering social mobility |
| gender socialization | the sociological process through which individuals learn the behaviors, attitudes, and expectations considered appropriate for their gender within a particular culture. |
| cultural capital | (Bourdieu) the knowledge and skills required to develop the sophisticated tastes that mark someone as a person of high culture and upper class. reproduction of class structure |
| meritocracy | the allocation of rewards based on merit, linked to idea of "equality of opportunity." however, can be flawed based on the criteria - ex. in Canada, merit based on educational achievement ignores inequal barriers to education |
| social group | collection of 2+ people that share a common identity or defining social characteristic |
| social capital | value & resources that individuals and groups gain from their social networks & relationships. benefits that arise from social privilege |
| cohabitation | 2+ people living together for a long period of time, typically an unmarried couple |
| nuclear family | family comprising mother, father & children. what is considered a typical "normal" family in society |
| individualism | ideology to put one's own worth and role before others and prioritize one's own needs over the collective group |
| total institution | institutions that resocialize by regulating all aspects of a person's life ex. prison, military |
| self-fulfilling prophecy | if someone believes or predicts something about themselves or another, they will act according to that belief |
| teacher expectancy effect | a teacher's expectations for a student's performance influences that student's performance |
| docile body | Foucault idea that education produces a docile body - conditions group thru specific set of procedures & practices to behave the specific way authority wants it to - passive community |
| define crime | violation of a federal, provincial or municipal "criminal" law - laws define what members can & can't do, enforced by police & courts |
| define deviance | a behaviour that strays from what is "normal" regarding time, place & culture - definitions of deviance often reflect power |
| describe the expected demography of crime in canada | young people likely to offend (strain theory); men likelier to be offender/victim; low SES - most arrested are undereducated, poor, unemployed or low-wage, low-status job DESPITE equal crime rates btwn poor & wealthy |
| explanations for overrepresentation of men as criminals | biology - testosterone inclines men towards aggressive & hostile actions; nurture - differential socialization: male subculture more violent, young men encourage to use aggression to solve problems |
| who was Robert Merton? | american sociologist who worked in sociology of science, coined important terms: strain theory, reference group, role model & status set |
| how are crime stats collected? | 1. officially - since 1962, Canadian Uniform Crime Report monthly from municipalities; 2. victimization survey - details abt crime victims; 3. self-report offender survey - details abt criminal behaviour (problems: exaggeration & concealment) |
| strain/anomie theory | structural functionalist: strain is produced when social structure prevents people from achieving culturally defined goals thru legitimate means; anomie is condition characterized by breakdown of norms - subcultures (gangs) provide youth w alt. community |
| labelling theory | process by which people define others as deviant - self-fulling prophecy. The label influences how u see urself & others, 3 steps: 1. act noticed & labelling 2. individual assigned deviant 3. secondary deviance may follow |
| white collar crime | crime committed by white collar workers, on low priority by government despite much larger impact of harm to ppl than street crime. ex. fraud, bribery, insider trading, embezzlement, computer crime & forgery |
| victimless crime | a "crime" wherein there is no easily identifiable injured party, or perception of no harm (ex. stealing from corporation with big financial cushion, students plagiarizing) |
| corporate multinationalism | role & influence of multinational corporations that regulate & control production/services in multiple countries, shaping global economic, political & social structures |
| discipline | large part of the hidden curriculum. in primary school - discipline centered on body, on secondary school - focus on cognitive discipline (rational, linear way of thinking) |
| hierarchical observation | form of disciplinary control: institutions & authorities monitoring & supervise individuals ensuring rule & regulation compliance. students always being watched. part of set of tactics to produce docile body |
| normalizing judgement | form of disciplinary control: thru constant evaluation & comparison, individuals encouraged to conform to norms & standards. To deviate is to be abnormal. part of set of tactics to produce docile body |
| examination | form of disciplinary control: combines hierarchical observation & normalizing judgement to condition group behaviour, part of set of tactics to produce docile body |
| divorce law reform | change over time in the social meaning of divorce & legal definition and requirements for divorce |
| property offences | type of nonviolent crime that targets private property that aims to damage property, obtain money, items or other benefit, without threatening a person |
| vice crimes | the use of illegal drugs; illegal gambling; communication for prostitution; possession, distribution or sale of child pornography |
| violent offences | a crime that involves physical injury to a victim, incl. homicide, physical & sexual assault, robbery |
| homicide | killing of another human being by any means: incl. murder (malicious intent) and manslaughter (without intent). men are likelier to be involved in homicide than women as victims & offender; victims tend to be killed by people they know |
| secondary data | data collected by someone other than the researcher that is then re-analyzed and interpreted differently |
| crime severity index | tool for crime stats that examines crime based on volume & seriousness of offences |
| overt deviance | actions or qualities taken as explicit violations of the norm |
| covert deviance | unstated qualities that may make a group more likely target for sanction ex. ethnic background, sexual orientation |
| moral panic | campaign designed to arouse concern over an issue or group |
| eyes on the street (by who?) | (jane jacobs) an aspect of what makes a safe street: more eyes, less crime. achieved thru mixing temporal & functional use, well-used, safe street, buildings with windows overlooking/facing street |
| why students from low-income families achieve lower educational attainment than students from higher-class families? | fewer resources to commit to education ex. less money for materials; parents less likely to be involved; parents intimidated by the child's school; parents low education; inability to help child with schoolwork; increased likelihood of health problems |
| possible reasons for increased likelihood of divorce for couples that cohabitate before marriage | couples trapped in a relationship due to convenience over commitment; lower commitment to idea of marriage; increased acceptance of pre-marital and divorced relationships |
| secondary deviance | further acts of deviance after being labelled of deviance; the tendency for people to act according to how they're labelled |
Created by:
AntBanana
Popular Social Studies sets