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Soc Psych Group
PSY2533 CH 8 Group Processes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a group? | A set of individuals who have direct interaction over a period of time and share a common fate, identity, or set of goals |
| What is a collective? | People who engage in a common activity but have little direct interaction with each other (individuals in the gym, students in the classroom) |
| What is social identity theory? | States that an important part of people’s feelings of self-worth comes from their identification with particular groups |
| What are two fundamental roles in a group? | Instrumental and expressive |
| What is the instrumental role in a group? | Role to help the group achieve its task |
| What is the expressive role in a group? | Provides emotional support and maintain morale |
| What two aspects of a group have a bidirectional relationship? | Performance and cohesion |
| What is a tight culture? | Strong norms and little tolerance for behavior that deviates from the norm |
| What is a loose culture? | Relatively weaker norms and greater tolerance for deviant behavior |
| What is social facilitation? | An improvement in the performance of a task in the presence of others (audience, competitor, etc) compared to performance alone |
| What do Triplett’s (1897-1898) fishing reel studies theorize? | The presence of others increases nervous energy and enhances performance |
| What is Zajonc's three-step process theory? | The presence of others leads to physiological arousal which strengthens the dominant response to the percieved task |
| According to Zajonc's three-step process theory, what will happen when a trained person is being facilitated during a task? | Performance enhancement |
| According to Zajonc's three-step process theory, what will happen when an untrained person is being facilitated during a task? | Performance inpairment |
| What is evaluation apprehension theory? | The presence of others will produce social facilitation effects only when those others are seen as potential evaluators |
| What is distraction-conflict theory? | A theory that the presence of others will produce social facilitation effects only when those others distract from the task and create attentional conflict |
| What are three theories on social faciliation? | Mere presence theory (Zajonc's), evaluation apprehension theory, and distraction-conflict theory |
| What is the most widely accepted theory on social facilitation? | Mere presence theory |
| What is social loafing? | A group-produced reduction in individual output on easy tasks in which contributions are pooled |
| What groups are less prone to social loafing? | Women and collectivist cultures |
| What is the collective effort model (Karau & Williams, 2001)? | Theory that individuals will exert effort on a collective task to the degree that they think their individual efforts will be important, relevant, and meaningful for achieving outcomes that they value |
| What is deindividuation? | The loss of person’s sense of individuality and the reduction of normal constraints against deviant behavior |
| What are two contributors of deindividuation? | Attentional cues and accountability cues |
| What attentional cues affect deindividuation? | Arousal and group cohesion |
| What accountability cues affect deindividuation? | Anonymity and diffusion of responsibility |
| What is the - Social identity model of deindividuation effects (SIDE)? | As personal identity and internal controls are submerged, social identity emerges and conformity to the group increases |
| What is process loss? | Reduction of group performance due to obstacles created by group processes |
| What is process gain? | Increase in group performance so that the group outperforms the individuals who make up the group |
| What is brainstorming? | A technique that attempts to increase the production of creative idea by encouraging group members to speak freely without criticizing their own or others’ contributions |
| What is nominal brainstorming? | Individual brainstorming that is collected into a group |
| What is group brainstorming? | Brainstorming done in a group |
| What type of brainstorming produces 2x as many better ideas? | Nominal brainstorming |
| What type of brainstorming is better at increasing group cohesion? | Group brainstorming |
| What is production blocking? | People may forget ideas / don’t generate additional ideas until they can speak, or simply lose interest |
| How does nominal brainstorming solve production blocking? | Members can type in ideas whenever they come to mind |
| What is free riding? | As others contribute ideas, individuals see their own contributions as less needed or less likely to have much impact. They therefore try less hard and engage in social loafing |
| How does nominal brainstorming solve free riding? | Free riding is reduced by having the computer keep track of each member’s amount of input |
| What is evaluation apprehension? | People may be hesitant to suggest unusual ideas for fear of looking foolish and being criticized |
| How does nominal brainstorming solve evaluation apprehension? | Evaluation apprehension is reduced because group members contribute their ideas anonymously |
| What is performance matching? | Group members work only as hard as they see others work |
| How does nominal brainstorming solve performance matching? | Group members spend less time focusing on the performance of others as they type in their own ideas. |
| What is group polarization? | The exaggeration of initial tendencies in the thinking of group members through group discussion |
| What are two causes of polarization? | Persuasive arguments theory and social comparison account |
| What is persuasive arguments theory? | the greater the number and persuasiveness of the arguments to which group members are exposed, the more extreme their attitudes become |
| What is social comparison account? | Compare themselves with fellow group members and may become more extreme as they categorize themselves as distinct from outgroup members |
| What is biased sampling? | The tendency for widely known information to be discussed more than less widely known information in a group |
| What is transactive memory? | A shared system for remembering information that enables multiple people to remember that info together more efficiently than they could do so alone |
| What does transactive memory involve? | Division of knowledge, specialized knowledge, coordinated efforts |
| What are indicators of collective intelligence? | Social perceptiveness, group participation, women in group |
| What is a commons dilemma? | If people take as much as they want of a limited resource that does not replenish itself, nothing will be left for anyone |
| What is a public good dilemma? | All of the individuals are supposed to contribute resources to a common pool |
| What is an integrative agreement? | a negotiated resolution to a conflict in which all parties obtain outcomes that are superior to what they would have obtained from an equal division of contested resources |
| What is fixed pie syndrome? | the belief that whatever one of them won, the other one lost (zero-sum game) |
Created by:
juangon
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