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MicroBio Exam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Prokaryotes | single-celled organisms with cells that are small and lacking membrane-bound organelles, such as a nucleus |
| Eukaryotes | unicellular or multicellular. these cells are larger in size and more complex in that they contain many membrane-bound organelles that perform specific and sophisticated functions |
| coccus | spherical or round |
| bacillus | rod shaped or cylindrical |
| coccobacillus | combination of coccus and bacillus |
| spirochete | corkscrew or spiral shaped (always found singularly) |
| diplo | arrangement of two bacteria paired side by side |
| strepto | an arrangement of chains of bacteria |
| tetrad | 4 |
| staphylo | an arrangement of clusters of bacteria |
| Cell Wall | Outermost covering of the bacterial cell. Protects bacterium from change in environment. |
| Osmotic Stress | a change in solute concentration in the external environment that causes the cell to either gain or lose water |
| Cell Wall is composed of: | Peptidoglycan |
| Peptidoglycan | complex molecule composed of carbohydrate chains held together with peptide chains |
| Gram-Positive Bacteria | peptidoglycan cell wall is thick compared to others, has periplasmic space |
| Periplasmic Space | the space between the cell wall and the cell membrane. It is composed of a gel-like matrix containing salts, proteins, and important enzymes |
| Gram-Negative Bacteria | significantly smaller than the gram-positive cell wall. This is due to a much thinner layer of peptidoglycan. has outer membrane |
| Outer Membrane | a bilayer (two layers) of lipid that contains wall-associated proteins |
| Acid Fast Bacteria | have a cell wall similar to gram-negative bacteria and have a thin layer of peptidoglycan and an outer lipid layer |
| Glycolax | is an additional outer structure that occurs in some bacterial species. It is found outside the cell wall and is a layer composed usually of polysaccharides and/or polypeptides |
| Capsule | a highly organized layer of polysaccharides or polypeptides that is a major virulence factor in pathogenic bacteria. It is used for attachment, but more importantly, it prevents phagocytosis by immune cells. |
| slime layers | mostly disorganized layers of polysaccharides that are used for attachment to surfaces. Bacteria living in harsh environments often produce slime layers. It protects from desiccation (dehydration) and antibiotics. |
| Fimbriae/Pili | short, stubby, hair-like projections on the cell wall that are typically used for attachment (used to exchange dna between bacteria |
| sex pilus | ability to produce a special elongated pilus |
| flagellum | a long, tail-like structure that allows bacteria to move directionally |
| monotrichous | one hair |
| Lophotrichous | bacteria have a tuft of (or many) flagella all at one pole of the cell |
| amphitrichous | bacteria have evolved flagella at each pole of the cell |
| peritrichous | the most motile bacteria have evolved to have flagella covering the entire cell surface |
| Endoflagella or axial filaments | locomotory structures of spirochete bacteria. causes the bacterium to move in a corkscrew-like fashion. This corkscrew motion allows spirochete to penetrate tissue which most other bacteria are unable to do |
| cell membrane/plasma membrane | found below the cell wall of bacteria and serves as a selectively permeable barrier. regulates the movement of molecules into and out of the cell is regulated |
| cell membrane is made up of | phospholipids |
| cytoplasm | contains the aqueous, water-based component and solid components of the cell |
| endospore | a tough, dormant, environmentally resistant stage of a bacterium |
| cytoskeleton | series of protein tubes or filaments that prevent cell from collapsing on self, aids in movement and also provides shape to cell |
| organelles | specialized structures within cells that perform specific functions essential for the cell's survival and operation |
| mitochondria | the powerhouse of the cell. an elaborate, double-membraned organelle in which a lot of energy is made for the cel |
| ribosomes | synthesize protien |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | a series of flattened membranous sacs and/or tubes that are in close proximity to the nucleus. Its principal function is the pro-duction and packaging of proteins and lipids for the cell |
| Rough ER | is studded with ribosomes, giving a rugged bumpy look, and contributes to protein synthesis by aiding in folding proteins and packaging them into vesicles |
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER) | is a place for lipid synthesis and storage. Specifically, steroid molecules are produced and stored |
| Golgi apparatus | package molecules produced by the ER into vesicles |
| lysosomes | are vesicles that contain lysozymes |
| lysozymes | hydrolytic or digestive enzymes used to break down large molecules in the cell |
| Proteasomes | protein complexes that contain a protease |
| protease | an enzyme that cleaves or cuts protein chains |
| peroxisomes | organelles similar to lysosomes in that they are vesicles of enzymes. these enzymes are oxidative and require oxygen. They are digestive enzymes and are known to break down fatty acids, toxins, ethanol, and some amino acids. |
| nucleus | houses genome of cell, composed of double stranded dna |
| endocytosis | cells can take in large polar molecules that will not fit through protein channels in the cell membrane or pass through the hydrophobic phospholipids |
| phagocytosis | the cell membrane folds outward to surround the large molecule, creating a vesicle. usually engulfs the largest molecules |
| Pinocytosis | usually reserved for the smallest molecules and occurs in the area of the cell membrane that is ruffled. The molecule is engulfed by the cell through a small invagination, forming a vesicle containing mostly fluid |
| Receptor-mediated endocytosis | occurs when the molecules bind to a specific sur-face protein (receptor) that then causes an invagination in which the molecules are taken into the cell as a vesicle |
| Exocytosis | the opposite of endocytosis. It is the removal of large molecules from the cell by packaging them in a vesicle of lipid |
| What is the structure found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells that synthesizes proteins? | Ribosome |
| What is the major component of the cell membrane that prevents the movement of polar molecules into the cell? | Phospholipid |
| is the movement of larger polar molecules into the cell membrane via invagination. | Endocytosis |
| Which cell wall is most resistant to antibiotics? | Acid Fast |
| are the only prokaryotic pathogens. | bacteria |
| Bacteria are known as _______ when they have flagella covering their entire surface. | peritrichous |
| Which of the following is not used by bacteria for attachment? | cilia |
| What is the structure that packages molecules into vesicles in eukaryotic cells? | golgi |
| autotroph | "self feeding" make energy from inorganic source |
| heterotroph | need molecules from environment (PATHOGEN) |
| Catabolic | reactions are those that make energy. Generally, large molecules are broken down and release energy in the form of ATP |
| Anabolic | reactions are those that require energy. Smaller molecules bind together to make a large molecule using ATP |
Created by:
hannahsat
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