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History 1001 midterm
midterm essay study guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Where did the Hebrew people originate, according to tradition? | Mesopotamia specifically Ur |
| What was Abrahams significance in Hebrew history | founding patriarch, led his family to Canaan, and established the covenant with Yahweh. |
| Which ancient empires influenced Hebrew culture and religion? | Mesopotamian empires (Sumer, Babylon) and Egypt. |
| How did the Babylonian Exile affect the development of Jewish belief? | Strengthened monotheism, emphasized moral law, and solidified Hebrew identity. |
| What is the Hebrew Bible, and over what time period was it written? | 10th-5th centuries BCE |
| How did Mesopotamian myths influence Hebrew stories? | The flood narrative in the Epic of Gilgamesh parallels Noah’s story. |
| How did the Hebrew concept of covenant differ from other ancient religious ideas? | It emphasized a personal, moral relationship between God and the people, rather than ritual appeasement of multiple gods. |
| What was similar about mosaic law and Hammurabis code? | both provided legal codes and social order |
| what was different about mosaic law and Hammurabis code? | Mosaic law had stronger moral/religious elements and focused on covenantal obedience to God. |
| How did monotheism shape Hebrew society differently than polytheism shaped others? | Unified social and religious practices around one God, focused on ethics and law rather than ritual for multiple deities. |
| Why was the Hebrew Bible important during exile or conquest? | preserved identity, moral guidance, and historical memory |
| To what extent did Judaism develop as a reaction to surrounding Middle Eastern cultures? | Heavily influenced by Mesopotamian myths, legal codes, and political structures but adapted into unique monotheism. |
| How did the Hebrew Bible reflect both moral values and historical struggles? | Narratives of Exodus, exile, and law emphasized obedience, justice, and survival in a hostile environment. |
| who was Alexander the greats father? | Philip II |
| Who was Alexander the greats mother | Olympias |
| who was Alexander the greats tutor? | Aristotle |
| what empires did Alexander the Great conquer | Persia, Egypt, Mesopotamia, and parts of India. |
| What cities did Alexander the Great found? | ex: Alexandria (Egypt) |
| what was Alexander the goats purpose for establishing cities? | to spread greek culture, facilitate trade, and serve as military outposts |
| What happened to Alexander’s empire after his death? | It fragmented into Hellenistic kingdoms ruled by his generals (the Diadochi). |
| What does the term Hellenistic refer to? | The blending of Greek and Eastern cultures after Alexander’s conquests |
| How did Aristotle’s education influence Alexander? | Inspired interest in philosophy, science, and Greek culture; shaped vision of leadership. |
| What strategies made Alexander successful in battle? | Use of phalanx formations, cavalry, intelligence, rapid and decisive strikes. |
| How did Alexander encourage blending of Greek and Eastern cultures? | Married local women, adopted some customs, spread Greek language, founded cities as cultural centers. |
| What role did religion and myth play in Alexander’s image? | Portrayed himself as divine or heroic (son of Zeus-Ammon, new Achilles) to legitimize authority. |
| Why is Alexander’s legacy a cultural achievement | Hellenistic civilization, Greek influence spread |
| Why is alexanders legacy a political failure | Empire fragmented after his death, lacking sustainable succession. |
| How did Alexander’s conquests transform the Mediterranean and Near Eastern worlds? | Spread Greek language, governance, architecture, art, and philosophy; created cosmopolitan urban centers. |
| How did stories about Alexander shape his reputation long after death? | He became a legendary figure in history and literature, influencing leaders and cultures for centuries. |
| Main political systems of Athens | democracy |
| Main political system of sparta | military oligarchy |
| Causes of the Persian Wars? | Persian expansion into Greek territories |
| What was the Delian League? | Alliance of Greek city-states led by Athens to defend against Persia |
| Trigger of the Peloponnesian War? | Athens’ imperialism and Sparta’s fear of its growing power. |
| Who won the Peloponnesian War? | Sparta, with Persian financial and naval support. |
| How did the Persian Wars promote Greek unity? | Greeks fought a common enemy, leading to temporary cooperation. |
| How did Athens use the Delian League to build an empire? | Collected tribute, controlled league armies, and imposed Athenian policies. |
| Why did Pericles’ strategies during the Peloponnesian War fail? | Overreliance on naval blockade, plague in Athens, failed Sicilian expedition. |
| Social and political effects of Peloponnesian War? | Weakened city-states, economic strain, loss of confidence in democracy. |
| How did Greek decline lead to Macedonian conquest | Divided, weakened city-states could not resist Philip II. |
| How did democracy and warfare shape each other in Classical Greece? | Warfare demanded citizen participation (hoplites), and democracy influenced strategic decisions. |
| Was the Classical Age the height or decline of Greek civilization? | Height: cultural achievements in philosophy, art, architecture. Decline: political instability and eventual loss of independence. |
| Who was Augustus before emperor, and how did he gain power? | Octavian, Julius Caesar’s heir; gained power through civil wars and defeating Antony/Cleopatra. |
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sd123457
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