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Midterm Vocab
JAPN438A Midterm Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| ahaphor | the word, typically a pronoun, used to maintain reference to someone or something already mentioned |
| antecedent | the initial expression used to identify someone or something for which an anaphor is used later |
| attributive use | using an expression to identify someone or something without being committed to the existence of an actual person or thing |
| background entailment | any logical consequence of an utterance |
| bald on record | utterances (ex. orders) directly addressed to another where the illocutionary force is made explicit |
| cataphora | the use of a word (typically a pronoun) to introduce someone or something that is more fully identified later |
| commissive | a speech act in which the speaker commits him or herself to some future action (ex. a promise) |
| constancy under negation | quality of the presupposition of a statement remaining true when the statement is negated |
| content conditions | in order to count as a particular type of speech act, an utterance must contain certain features |
| context | the physical environment in which a word is used |
| conventional implicature | an additional unstated meaning associated with the use of a specific word |
| conversational implicature | an additional unstated meaning that has to be assumed in order to maintain the cooperative principle |
| cooperative principle | a basic assumption in conversation that each participant will attempt to contribute appropriately, at the required time, to the current exchange of talk |
| co-text | the linguistic environment in which a word is used |
| counterfactual presupposition | the assumption that certain information is the opposite of true |
| declaration | a speech act that brings about a change by being uttered |
| deference strategy | feature of interactive talk emphasizing negative politeness, the non-personal, and freedom from imposition |
| deictic center | the speaker's location/time |
| deictic projection | speakers acting as if they are somewhere else |
| deixis | 'pointing' via language, using a deictic expression |
| directive | a speech act used to get someone else to do something |
| direct speech act | speech act where a direct relationship exists between the structure and communicative function of an utterance |
| distal | away from the speaker |
| ellipsis | the absence of a word or words from a structural slot |
| entailment | something that logically follows from what is asserted |
| essential condition | in performing a speech act, a requirement that the utterance commits the speaker to the act performed |
| exclusive 'we' | addressee excluded |
| existential presupposition | an assumption that someone or something, identified by use of a noun phrase, does exist |
| explicit performative | a speech act containing a performative verb |
| expressive | a speech act in which the speaker expresses feelings or attitudes (ex. an apology) |
| face | a person's public self-image |
| face saving act | utterance or action which avoids a potential threat to a person's public self-image |
| face threatening act | utterance or action which threatens a person's public self-image |
| face wants | a person's expectations that their public self-image will be respected |
| factive presupposition | the assumption that information stated after certain words (ex. 'know', 'regret') is true |
| felicity conditions | the appropriate conditions for a speech act to be recognized as intended |
| foreground entailment | the main logical consequence of an utterance |
| general conditions | preconditions on performing a speech act |
| generalized conversational implicature | an additional unstated meaning that does not depend on special or local knowledge |
| hedges | cautious notes expressed about how an utterance is to be taken |
| honorific | expression which marks that the addressee is of higher status |
| Illocutionary Force Indicating Device (IFID) | indication in the speaker's utterance of the communicative force of that utterance |
| illocutionary act or force | the communicative force of an utterance |
| implicature | a short version of conversational implicature |
| implicit performative | a speech act without a performative verb |
| inclusive 'we' | speaker and addressee included |
| indexicals | like deictic expressions, forms used for 'pointing' via language |
| indirect speech act | speech act where an indirect relationship exists between the structure and communicative function of an utterance |
| inference | the listener's use of additional knowledge to make sense of what is not explicit in an utterance |
| lexical presupposition | the assumption that, in using one word, the speaker can act as if another meaning (word) will be understood |
| locutionary act | the basic act of uttering a meaningful linguistic form |
| manner | one of the maxims, in which the speaker is to be clear, brief, and orderly |
| maxim | one of the four sub-principles of the cooperative principle |
| mitigating device | expression used to soften an imposition (ex. 'please') |
| negative face | the need to be independent. not imposed on by others |
| negative politeness | awareness of another's right not to be imposed on |
| negative politeness strategy | an attempt to demonstrate awareness of another's right not to be imposed on |
| non-factive presupposition | the assumption that certain information, as presented, is not true |
| off record | utterances not directly addressed to another |
| on record | utterances directly addressed to another |
| particularized conversational implicature | an additional unstated meaning that depends on special or local knowledge |
| performative hypothesis | a proposal that, underlying every utterance, there is a clause with a verb that identifies the speech act |
| performative verb | a verb that explicitly names the speech act |
| perlocutionary act/effect | the effect of an utterance used to perform a speech act |
| person deixis | forms used to point to people |
| politeness | showing awareness of another person's public self-image face wants |
| positive face | the need to be connected, to belong to a group |
| positive politeness | showing solidarity with another |
| positive politeness strategy | an appeal to solidarity with another |
| potential presupposition | an assumption typically associated with use of a linguistic form |
| pragmatic connection | a conventional association between a person's name and a kind of object |
| pragmatics | the study of speaker meaning as distinct from word or sentence meaning |
| preparatory conditions | specific requirements prior to an utterance in order for it to count as a particular speech act |
| pre-request | utterance before a request to check if a request can be made |
| presupposition | something the speaker assumes to be the case |
| primary performative | an utterance which performs a speech act but which does not contain a performative verb |
| projection problem | the problem of the presupposition of a simple structure not surviving when part of a more complex structure |
| proximal | near speaker |
| psychological distance | speaker's marking of how close or distant something is perceived to be |
| quality | one of the maxims, in which the speaker has to be truthful |
| quantity | one of the maxims, in which the speaker has to be neither more or less informative than is necessary |
| range of reference | all the possible referents identifiable by use of a word |
| reference | an act by which a speaker uses a word, or words, to enable a listener to identify someone or something |
| referential use | using an expression to identify someone or something when the person or thing is assumed to be known |
| referring expression | a linguistic form which enables a listener, or reader, to identify something |
| relation | one of the maxims, in which the speaker has to be relevant |
| representative | a speech act in which the speaker states what is believed or known (ex. an assertion) |
| scalar implicature | an additional meaning of the negative of any value higher on a scale than the one uttered |
| semantics | the study of how words literally connect to things, or more generally, the investigation of meaning as encoded in language |
| sincerity conditions | requirements on the genuine intentions of a speaker in order for an utterance to count as a particular speech act |
| social deixis | forms used to indicate relative social status |
| solidarity strategy | an emphasis on the closeness of speaker and addressee |
| spatial deixis | forms used to point to location |
| speech act | an action performed by the use of an utterance to communicate |
| speech event | a set of circumstances in which people interact in some conventional way to arrive at some outcome |
| structural presupposition | the assumption that part of a structure contains information being treated as already known |
| syntax | the study of the structures connecting linguistic fomrs |
| tautology | an apparently meaningless expression in which one word is defined as itself |
| temporal deixis | forms used to point to location in time |
| T/V distinction | a distinction between forms used for a familiar ('tu') and a non-familiar ('vous') addressee, in French and other languages |
| zero anaphora | the absence of an expression in a structural slot where one is assumed, as a way of maintaining reference |
Created by:
gracine
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