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AP Human Geo Unit 3
Unit 3 Key Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| culture | All of a group's learned behaviors, actions, beliefs, and objects |
| cultural traits | the individual (single) elements that make up a culture, such as beliefs, language, customs, and values. |
| cultural complex | is a collection (many) interrelated traits that are grouped together because they are connected by a central theme |
| culture hearth | is a collection of interrelated traits that are grouped together because they are connected by a central theme |
| diffuse | or spread-to other places. |
| taboos | behaviors heavily discouraged by a culture. |
| traditional culture | the customs, beliefs, and practices of a society that have been passed down through generations |
| folk cultures | The beliefs and practices of small, homogenous groups of people, often living in rural areas that are relatively isolated and slow to change |
| indigenous culture | When members of an ethnic group reside in their ancestral lands, and typically possess unique cultural traits, such as speaking their own exclusive language, |
| Globalization | the process of increasing interconnectedness and interdependence between economies, cultures, and societies worldwide, driven by advancements in technology like the internet and faster transportation |
| popular culture | spread quickly over a large area and are adopted by various groups |
| global culture | elements that can quickly be adopted worldwide |
| cultural landscape/built environment | is the modification of the environment by a group and is a visible reflection of that group's cultural beliefs and values. |
| material culture | consists of tangible things, or those that can be experienced by the senses. |
| nonmaterial culture | consists of intangible concepts, or those not having a physical presence. |
| sociofacts | are the ways people organize their society and relate to one another. |
| placelessness | many modern cultural landscapes exhibit a great deal of homogeneity. |
| cultural landscape | the visible reflection of a culture-ormthe built environment. |
| built environment | the physical artifacts that humans have created and that form part of the landscape. |
| Traditional architecture | reflects a local culture's history, beliefs, values, and community adaptations to the environment, and typically utilizes locally available materials. Examples would include Spanish adobe (mud) homes common in the southwestern United States |
| Postmodern architecture | It is a movement away from boxy, mostly concrete or brick structures toward high rise structures made from large amounts of steel and glass siding. (skyscapers) |
| contemporary architecture | This style uses multiple advances to create buildings that rotate, curve, and stretch the limits of size and height. |
| Ethnicity | refers to membership within a group of people who have common experiences and share similar characteristics such as ancestry, language, customs, and history. |
| ethnic enclaves | clusters of people of the same culture-that are often surrounded by people of the dominant culture in the region. |
| Cultural regions | usually determined based on characteristics such as religion, language, and ethnicity. Unless regions are defined by clear features, such as a mountain range, a transition zone often exists. |
| culture realms | larger areas that include several regions. |
| sacred places | specific places and natural features that have religious significance. |
| diaspora | occurs when one group of people is dispersed to various locations. (Because of exile or persecution) |
| charter group | The first group to establish cultural and religious customs in a space. |
| ethnic islands. | isolated or distinct geographic areas where a specific ethnic group resides, surrounded by a different predominant culture. Example: Native American reservations in the United States within the larger American cultural landscape. |
| sequent occupancy. | Ethnic groups move in and out of neighborhoods and create new cultural imprints on the landscape |
| neolocalism | the process of re-embracing the uniqueness and authenticity of a place. For example, a neighborhood in a large city might hold a festival to honor the cuisine, religion, and history of the migrants who settled the community. |
| nationality | based on people's connection to a particular country. |
| Centripetal forces | are those that unify a group of people or a region. These forces may include a common language and religion, a shared heritage |
| Sharia | or the legal framework of a country derived from Islamic edicts taken from their holy book, the Qur'an. |
| blue laws | laws that restrict certain activities, such as the sale of alcohol, on Sunday. |
| fundamentalism | an attempt to follow a literal interpretation of a religious faith. |
| theocracies | countries whose governments are run by religious leaders through the use of religious laws. |
| ethnocentric | they believe their own cultural group is more important and superior to other cultures. |
| cultural relativism | which is the concept that a person's or group's beliefs, values, norms, and practices should be understood from the perspective of the other group's culture. |
| Cultural appropriation | is the action of adopting traits, icons, or other elements of another culture. |
| diffusion | The spread of information, ideas, behaviors, and other aspects of culture from their hearths to wider areas |
| relocation diffusion | the spread of culture and/ or cultural traits by people who migrate and carry their cultural traits with them. |
| expansion diffusion | The spread of cultural traits outward through exchange without migration |
| Contagious diffusion | occurs when a cultural trait spreads continuously outward from its hearth through contact among people. |
| Hierarchical diffusion | is the spread of culture outward from the most interconnected places or from centers of wealth and influence. |
| reverse hierarchical diffusion. | a trait diffuses from a group of lower status to a group of higher status |
| stimulus diffusion | when an underlying idea from a culture hearth is adopted by another culture but the adopting group modifies or rejects one trait. |
| Imperialism | a broader concept that includes a variety of ways of influencing another country or group of people by direct conquest, economic control, or cultural dominance. |
| Colonialism | is a particular type of imperialism in which people move into and settle on the land of another country. |
| animism | the belief that non-living objects, such as rivers or mountains, possess spirits. |
| native speakers | those who use the language learned from birth, with over 900 million native speakers. |
| lingua franca | a common language used by people who do not share the same native language. |
| slang | words used informally by a segment of the population. |
| pidgin language | simplified mixture of two languages. |
| creole language | a new combined language |
| Social constructs | are ideas, concepts, or perceptions that have been created and accepted by people in a society or social group and are not created by nature. |
| time-space convergence. | greater interconnection between places that results from improvements in transportation |
| cultural convergence | cultures are becoming similar to each other and sharing more cultural traits, ideas, and beliefs. |
| Cultural divergence | the idea that a culture may change over time as the elements of distance, time, physical separation, and modern technology create divisions and changes. |
| linguists, | scientists who study languages, have differing theories as to when humans first began communicating through spoken sounds. |
| language tree | suggests how several languages are related to each other, as well as how one language grows out of another. |
| Indo-European language family, | a large group of languages that might have descended from a language spoken around 6,000 years ago. |
| Romance languages. | The unifying language of Latin diverged into dozens of distinct regional languages |
| isoglosses | boundaries between variations in pronunciations or word usage |
| dialects | regional variations of a language. |
| adages | sayings that attempt to express a truth about life, such as "the early bird gets the worm:' |
| Toponyms | or the names of places |
| official language | one designated by law to be the language of government, some countries do. |
| homogeneous | or made up largely of ethnically similar people, |
| adherents | or believers in their faith. |
| Ethnic religions | are belief traditions that emphasize strong cultural characteristics among their followers. |
| universal religion | actively seeks converts to its faith regardless of their ethnic backgrounds. |
| polytheistic | means having many gods. |
| monotheistic | means having one god. |
| karma | the idea that behaviors have consequences in the present life or a future life. |
| dharma | which means the righteous path. |
| caste system, | a rigid class structure, that shaped Indian society. |
| Islam | is the religion followed by Muslims. Muslims believe that Allah-the Arabic word for God-revealed his teachings to humans through a series of prophets. The last of these was Muhammad, who lived in what is now Saudi Arabia in the 6th and 7th centuries C.E. |
| pilgrimage | a religious journey taken by a person to a sacred place of his or her religion. |
| Christianity | Christianity began when followers of a Jewish teacher, Jesus (c. 4 B.C.E. to c. 30 C.E.), evolved into their own religion based on the belief that Jesus was the son of God and the savior of humans. |
| Judaism | among the first monotheistic faiths. Jews believe that the writing known as the Torah expresses divine will. It is supplemented by other writings as well as unwritten laws and customs. |
| Sikhism | A relatively new universalizing monotheistic faith, Sikhism was founded by Guru Nanak in the Punjab region that crosses the border of India and Pakistan during the 16th century. |
| Buddhism | grew out of the teachings of a prince named Siddhartha Gautama who lived around 600 B.C.E. Accepting many beliefs of Hinduism but rejecting the caste system, Siddhartha became known as the Buddha, or "enlightened one:' |
| acculturation | ethnic or immigrant group moving to a new area adopts the values and practices of the larger group that has received them, while still maintaining valuable elements of their own culture. |
| assimilation | happens when an ethnic group can no longer be distinguished from the receiving group. |
| syncretism. | The fusion or blending of two distinctive cultural traits into a unique new hybrid trait |
| Glocalization | is a form of syncretism that involves the creation of products or services for the global market by adapting them to local cultures. |
| multiculturalism, | the coexistence of several cultures in one society with the ideal of all cultures being valued and worthy of study. |
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dobregon
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