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publ Midterm
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| public goods | Everyone has access to public goods; provided by the gov in free market; e.g. water, healthcare, clean air, etc. |
| private goods | provided by the market without any free-riding; owned and sold; not accessible for everyone; e.g. McDonalds, Walmart, Target |
| agenda setting | problems and solutions gain/lose public elite attention, or activities of various actors for issues to gain (or not) attention; |
| agenda setting works with | Policy Formulation to find a solution on an issue before accepting it onto the agenda |
| policy formulation | structures consideration of issues while preparing action plan; works w/ Agenda Setting to find solution before accepting onto agenda |
| systemic agendas | include all the issues subject to government action or require government attention; not the focus of political institutions |
| normative pressures | type of policy diffusion where a policy is being widely adopted by other govs bc of shared norms. e.g. same sex marriage |
| competition | type of policy diffusion where gov decision abt whether to adopt policy is motivated by desire of officials for economic advantage |
| coercion | type of policy diffusion where more powerful gov takes action to increase another gov's incentive (or force) to adopt |
| advocacy coalition framework | model for understanding interaction of groups called advocacy coalitions; 2-4 coalitions form based on policy shared beliefs |
| core beliefs | not subject to change |
| pluralist approach | policymaking divided into separate areas; interest groups and central actors try to get issues on agenda; marketplace of ideas. |
| elitist approach | elites control agenda setting; lack of resources among lower economic groups; non-decision: certain issues not public policy |
| state-centric approach | political system responsible for agenda, Iron triangle (congress <-> bureaucracy <-> interest groups) Locus of competition, powers of bureaucratic and legislative actors |
| focusing event | events that happen suddenly and cause an issue/area of policy to get on the agenda immediately, e.g. 9/11 |
| routine policies | high knowledge of causation, high information. (example: vaccines/vaccine mandates) |
| membership interest groups | groups you choose to join; advocate for shared concerns or goals and influence public policy. |
| economic interest groups | org that advocates for policies that advance members’ financial interests; primarily interested in benefits for members |
| public interest groups | organization that represent and speak for interest of general community rather than just interest of members |
| federalism | shared power among national government, and state or regional governments. A system government puts in place. |
| separation of powers | 2nd division of gov; 3 branches: legislative, executive, judicial. Veto points in federal gov; legislating together in a coalition. |
| legislative branch | Make laws, hold hearings, perform oversight over the executive branch. |
| executive branch | Enforce laws, appointing officials, setting foreign policy, executive orders, managing departments, leading the country(president). |
| judicial branch | Interpret laws, protects rights |
| redistributive | taking from one group and giving to another |
| substantive policies | explains what the government will do; high profile |
| procedural policies | determines how the government does its work |
| material policies | provide tangible, obvious benefits, come with obvious costs |
| symbolic policies | statements of principles or values (ex: “Just say no”) |
| public policy | the sum of gov activities, whether proposed directly or through agents, as those activities have influence on the lives of citizens |
| statutory | high visible codification; codified in the United States code and statutes at large |
| regulatory | moderately visible codification; codified in the Federal Register or the Code of Federal Regulations |
| distributive | takes resource from broad group and gives resource to narrower group; e.g. pork-barrel policies |
| protective regulatory | Protect people from negative effects of business (ex. environmental regulations) |
| competitive regulatory | Limit provision of goods and services to one or a few designated deliverers, who are chosen from larger number of competitors |
| politics stream | state of politics and public opinion; policy proposals fit ideology of gov or majority in leg better chance of getting on agenda |
| policy window | open in the problem stream as a result of at least one of the following: change in indicators, focusing events, feedback |
| subgovernments | small groups made of administrative agencies, congressional committees, and interest groups ;work together to make policy |
| dual federalism | Layer Cake: programs and authority are clearly divided among the national, state, and local governments |
| logrolling | This is when a legislator gives a colleague a vote on a particular bill in return for that colleague's vote on another bill. |
| pork barrel | pending government money on local projects to win votes or favor |
| oversight | power to review or check both public and private entities (ex. investigative journalism, courts, committee hearings) |
| judicial review | power of the federal courts to review laws passed by the leg and actions taken by the exec to determine if they are constitutional |
| trial court | lowest level court; two basic functions are to establish the facts of the case and apply the relevant law to those facts |
| intermediate appellate court | state appeals court where people appeal their cases on the claim that there was a legal error that affected the outcome of the case |
| state supreme court | highest level of appeals court in the states, they set precedents for lower courts and future cases |
| institutional interest groups | members belong to a particular category, unofficial/assigned membership (ex. students, teachers) |
| policy entrepeneur | individual who comes up with a new solution or modifies an old solution in light of more recent events such as a focusing event |
| policy core | Type of belief, may change if something very influential occurs |
| secondary aspects | Type of belief, most likely to change as actors learn about the effects of policy implementation. |
| devil shift | tendency of losing sides of policy debate to cast the winners in a negative light |
| policy feedback | policies can be both outputs of the policy process as well as inputs into the process; policies →politics→ policies |
| policy-scape | political landscape densely laden w/ existing policies that were created earlier and structure multiple dimensions of politics. |
| policy analysis | predicts the most valuable approaches to solving social problems |
| citizenship | Rights, duties, and obligations imposed by governments as well as citizen’s response, including political attitudes and participation |
| multiple stream framework | Policy process to think of politics, problems, and policy streams coming together in a “window of opportunity” for policy change |
| problem stream | attributes of a problem and whether it is getting better or worse |
| policy stream | the potential ideas that could be advocated as solutions to a problem |
| diffusion | policy innovation spreads over time (state to state, government to government) |
| innovation | the policy is new to the government adopting it (creation of new policy) |
| internal determinants | factors that lead a jurisdiction to innovate (political, economic, social) |
| learning | a type of policy diffusion; derive info abt a policy's success from govs that have previously adopted it (learn what worked) |
| imitation | type of policy diffusion that involves modeling your policy after one that already exists (copying) |
| creative policies | formulating policies based on low amount of information and low knowledge of causation |
| conditional policies | formulating policies based on high amount of information but low knowledge of causation (ex: poverty, race) |
| craftsman policies | formulating policies based on low amount of information but high knowledge of causation e.g. shutdown of airports after 9/11 |
| official actors | participant in policy process whose involvement is motivated or mandated by their official position in a gov agency or office |
| unofficial actors | a participant in the process who does not have constitutionally created incentives or mandates to be a part of the process |
Created by:
lector_noche
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