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AP Human Geo Unit 2
Unit 2 Key Terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Population distribution | is the pattern of human settlement-the spread of people across the earth. |
| Population density | is a measure of the average population per square mile or kilometer of an area. It measures how crowded a place is. |
| Midlatitudes | the regions between 30 degrees and 60 degrees, north and south of the equator. |
| social stratification | stratification-the hierarchical division of people into groups based on factors such as economic status, power, and/or ethnicity. |
| arithmetic population density | The most commonly used population density, calculated by dividing a region's population by its total area. |
| physiological population density | calculated by dividing population by the amount of arable land, or land suitable for growing crops. |
| agricultural population density | compares the number of farmers to the area of arable land. |
| Name three types of population density | arithmetic population density, physiological population density, and agricultural population density. |
| redistricting | boundary adjustments |
| infrastructure | refers to the facilities and structures that allows people to carry out their typical activities. |
| overpopulation | having more people than it can support |
| carrying capacity | the number of people a region can support without damaging the environment. |
| age-sex composition graph or "population pyramid". | One of the most useful tools to study population |
| cohorts | The vertical axis that shows age groups in a pop. pyramid. |
| birth deficit | slowdown of births |
| baby boom | birth rate spikes |
| baby bust | Once the boom ends, birth rates are lower for a number of years. |
| echo | a significant increase in births that shows up as a bulge on a pyramid reflecting an earlier baby boom |
| potential workforce | group expected to be the society's labor force. |
| dependent population | Everyone else-people under 15 or over 64. (Dependents) |
| dependency ratio | The comparison between the size of these two groups |
| demographic balancing equation | to describe the future population of a region of any scale: Future population = Current population + ( number of births - number of deaths) + ( number of immigrants - number of emigrants) |
| immigrants | people who moved into the country |
| emigrants | people who moved out of the country |
| crude birth rate (CBR) | is the number of live births per year for each 1,000 people. |
| total fertility rate (TFR) | is the average number of children who would be born per woman of that group in a country, |
| life expectancy | the average number of years people live. |
| infant mortality rate | the number of children who die before their first birthday |
| crude death rate (CDR) | is the number of deaths per year for each 1,000 people. |
| rate of natural increase (RNI). | percentage at which a country's population is growing or declining, without the impact of migration, |
| population doubling time | For any quantity growing exponentially, the time it takes to double in size |
| demographic transition model (DTM) | shows five typical stages of population change that countries experience as they modernize. |
| demographic momentum | process occurs because even though fertility rates have declined, people are living longer, and this results in population continuing to grow for another 20-40 years. |
| epidemiological transition model | This model is an extension of the demographic transition model and explains the changing death rates and more common causes of death within societies. |
| Malthusian theory | Malthus's ideas about population growth (overpopulation) |
| Boserup theory | population increases, more pressure is placed on the existing agricultural system, which stimulates invention resulting in more food production. |
| neo-Malthusians | The widespread starvation that Malthus feared has not happened. Yet, there are those who still accept his fundamental premise as |
| antinatalist policies | policies that attempt to decrease the number of births in a country and are often used by developing countries. |
| pronatalist policies | policies, or programs designed to increase the fertility rate. |
| Migration | is the permanent or semipermanent relocation of people from one place to another. |
| voluntary migration | or a movement made by choice. |
| push factors | are negative circumstances, events, or conditions present where they live that compels a person to leave. |
| pull factors | positive conditions and circumstances migrants look at when moving. |
| migration transition model | argues that countries in Stages 2 and 3 of the demographic transition model experience rapid population growth and overcrowding. |
| intervening obstacles | barriers that make reaching their desired destination more difficult. These obstacles might be political, such as laws restricting immigration andborder patrols. |
| intervening opportunities | opportunities en route that disrupt original migration plan. For example, a migrant might find a job along the way. |
| gravity model of migration. | The model assumes that the size and distance between two cities or countries will influence the amount of interactions that include migration, travel, and economic activity. |
| step migration | a process in which migrants reach their eventual destination through a series of smaller moves. |
| rural-to-urban migration | Because of the Industrial Revolution, rural areas needed fewer laborers on farms, and cities needed more people to work, first in factories and then in offices. |
| counter migration | Each migration flow produces a movement in the opposite direction |
| return migration | immigrants moving back to their former home. |
| forced migration | Migration that is involuntary, meaning migrants have no choice but to move |
| internally displaced persons (IDPs). | migrants moving by force to another part of the same country; they are classified as |
| refugees | If they cross international borders, they are: |
| asylum | is protection granted by one country to an immigrant from another country who has a legitimate fear of harm or death if he or she returns. |
| voluntary migration | occurs when people choose to relocate. |
| internal migration | used to describe movement that occurs within a country. |
| Transnational migration | is when people move from one country to another, or internationally rather than internally. |
| chain migration | explains many patterns of migration and helps migrants transition into the receiving country. |
| transhumance | The process of herders moving with their animals to different pastures during different seasons is |
| guest-worker policies | many governments regulate the flow of workers into their country. These regulate the number of workers who can temporarily enter each country to work in specific industries for a defined amount of time. |
| family reunification | policies that allow migrants to sponsor family members who migrate to the country. |
| xenophobia | a strong dislike of people of another culture. |
| remittances | remittances-money sent by immigrants to their family and friends in the country they left. |
| brain drain | When migration out of a country is made up of many highly skilled people |
| Ethnic enclaves | neighborhoods filled primarily with people of the same ethnic group, such as "Little Italy" or "Chinatown" |
Created by:
dobregon
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