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Christmas Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When was papal infallibility established? | 1870 (Pope Pius IX declared the pope’s words divinely inspired). |
| When was Rome captured by revolutionaries? | 1849 |
| When was the Immaculate Conception made official? | 1854 by Pope Pius 9 |
| When is John the Baptist’s conception? | September 24 |
| When is John the Baptist's birthday? | June 24 |
| What is the Annunciation? | When Mary learns she will bear Jesus. |
| Who was Herod’s most important son? | Herod Archelaus (took over Judea after Herod the Greats death) |
| Who was Herod the Great? | King of Judea during Jesus’ birth. |
| Key features of Luke’s Nativity? | Starts in Nazareth, travels to Bethlehem for census No star No wise men Shepherds appear Angel Gabriel is named Emphasizes humble birth |
| Key features of Matthew’s Nativity? | Already in Bethlehem Star appears Wise men visit Slaughter of the Innocents Flee to Egypt No shepherds Unnamed angels Mentions Herod’s successor (Archelaus) |
| What does AD mean? | Anno Domini – “In the year of our Lord.” |
| Who created the modern Christian calendar? | Dionysius Exiguus (in 680 AD); he miscalculated Jesus’ birth year as year 0 |
| When did Christmas get an official date? | 354 AD. |
| Which gospel lacks a nativity story? | Mark |
| What is “Harmonisierung”? | The attempt to merge or reconcile conflicting gospel accounts. |
| What is the Q account? | A theoretical shared source for Matthew and Luke’s similar material. |
| Which gospels include nativity accounts? | Matthew and Luke |
| When did contemporary Christmas traditions emerge? | In the 1800s, especially in New York City. |
| What was Irving’s “Knickerbocker History of New York”? | A satirical book inventing old Christmas traditions to make them seem ancient and meaningful. |
| Who is credited with shaping modern Christmas? | Washington Irving, author of The Legend of Sleepy Hollow and Rip Van Winkle. |
| What is The Golden Legend? | A 13th-century collection of biblical and apocryphal stories, popular in medieval Europe. |
| Who hides inside a mountain in the Protoevangelium? | John the Baptist, protected by God. |
| What happens in the Protoevangelium during Jesus’ birth? | Time freezes; Joseph looks for a midwife; one midwife’s hand burns when testing Mary’s virginity but heals after repentance. |
| What is the Protoevangelium of James? | An apocryphal gospel from 170 AD with stories of Mary’s parents (Anna & Joachim), Mary’s age (16), and details about Jesus’ birth (donkey, cave, midwives, etc.). |
| What is the Apocrypha? | Books not accepted into the Bible—deemed false or harmful to faith. |
| What does “non-canonical” mean? | Not included in the Bible; considered not authentic or orthodox enough. |
| What are the three criteria for a book to be canonical? | Age (oldest better), proximity (written by/close to apostles), orthodoxy (aligns with accepted belief). |
| What are the Infancy Gospels? | Non-canonical texts about Jesus’ childhood, like the Gospel of Thomas (where “naughty Jesus” strikes kids down). |
| Who was Emperor Aurelian? | Roman emperor who established December 25 (274 AD) as the festival of the Unconquered Sun. |
| When was December 25 officially listed as Christmas? | In 354 AD on the Depositio Martyrum calendar. |
| What is Mithras’ connection to December 25? | His birthday, “Dies Natalis Solis Invicti,” celebrated on December 25—predating Christian Christmas. |
| What were common Saturnalia gifts? | Chartae maiores (large sheets of papyrus paper), nuces (nuts), porcus (pig), bochulous (sausage), ferulae (rods for beating children), pumilos (dwarfs). |
| Name the three major Roman winter holidays. | Saturnalia, Kalendae (New Year’s), and Dies Natalis Solis Invicti (Feast of the Unconquered Sun). |
| What are hymns? | Formal religious songs (including Christmas ones) sung in church. |
| What are almanacs and why are they important? | Yearly books with weather, moon cycles, and harvest info—help historians understand seasonal celebrations like Christmas. |
| When did Puritans take over England? | 1644, marking the end of the English Civil War. |
| What is “misrule”? | A temporary flipping of social order (slaves = masters) during festivals like Saturnalia to release social tension. |
| What was Saturnalia? | A Roman festival starting December 17th celebrating Saturn; involved feasting, drinking, gifts, and role reversal (slaves acted as masters). |
| Who was Martha Ballard? | A colonial midwife who kept a journal showing she didn’t care much about Christmas celebrations. |
| Who was Cotton Mather? | A famous Puritan preacher from the 1600s. |
| What was the Puritan view of the Catholic Church? | They saw it as corrupt and paganistic |
| Why did Puritans suppress Christmas? | They viewed it as sinful—associated with drunkenness, debauchery, gunfire, and Catholic “pagan” traditions. |
| When and where was Christmas banned? | In Boston, from 1659–1681 |
| What did Protestants reject? | Catholic teachings—believed the only true source of God’s word came directly from the Bible (“every man his own priest”). |
| Who were the Puritans? | A sect of Protestantism that broke away from the Catholic Church during the Protestant Reformation; known for strict beliefs and establishing New England. |
Created by:
regandaily
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