Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Sociology - Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Created Sociological Imagination | Mills |
| Sociological Imagination | human lives are the intersection of biography & history |
| Personal Problem Vs Public Issue | personal problem: occur within the character of the individual and within the range of his intermediate relations with others // public issue: have to do with matters that transcend these local environments, the institutions of a society as a whole |
| Using Sociological Imagination | question what seems “natural” (social construction of reality) // role of social context, think about common sense, people start out the same but end up in different places, how life would be if your situation was different, what we can control |
| Social Structure | framework that constrain and permit behaviors // underlying regularities and patterns that give society coherence |
| Social Context | the specific circumstances, environment, and factors (including cultural, historical, economic, and interpersonal elements) that provide a framework for individuals behavior |
| Social Interaction | the process by which people act towards or respond to each other // creates a dynamic exchange of behavior that forms the foundation of social relationships, groups, and society itself |
| August Comte & His Beliefs | French philosopher, coined the term sociology // believed accurate observation and description are the highest form of knowledge |
| Emilie Durkheim Findings & Beliefs | founded first European sociology department, founded first major European journal of sociology // interested in social order & social facts (19th century France) |
| Social Facts | people can be studied just as natural science can be studied |
| Max Weber & His Creations | created rationalization of society, created influential journal in Germany, technological and scientific development (1864-1920) |
| Rationalization | the process by which modern society has increasingly become concerned with efficiency, predictability, calculability, and dehumanization |
| Urbanization & Industrialization | 1864-1920 was the industrial revolution // factories grew, more people moved to cities |
| Who Was Involved With Urbanization & Industrialization | Karl Marx |
| Karl Marx & His Beliefs | industrial revolution is Europe // “all human history thus far is the history of class struggles” // communism (everyone is equal) > capitalism (extremes of rich and poor) // false class consciousness |
| False Class Consciousness | the rich control what the poor think the poor people must join together and overcome FCC (Marx) |
| We Are 99% | occurred on Wall Street, the 1% owned majority of wealth, people brought attention to the 99% |
| Theory | a supposition or system of ideas that intend to explain something |
| Common Themes Of Social Theories | understanding the nature of the individual, the basis of social order and stability, the causes and conditions of social change |
| Social Order | the established structure of institutions, practices, and relationships that maintains stability and predictability in society // interested Durkheim |
| Social Construction Of Reality | creating meaning through social interaction // compared to natural, self-evident, biological phenomena |
| Emile Durkheim's Study Of Suicide | founded that suicide rates in Europe in the late 19th century were highly patterned // unmarried > married, childless > parents, Protestants > Catholics |
| Emile Durkheim's Study Of Suicide Quote | “If suicide were purely an act of individual desperation, then we would not expect to see noticeable changes in rates from year to year, or society to society” |
| Anomie | a state of normlessness, or a breakdown of social norms and values, where individuals feel a disconnect from society’s collective values and struggle to find their place |
| Division Of Labor | the specialization of tasks or roles within a society or group, which creates social interdependence and solidarity |
| Recent Examples Of Karl Marx's Ideas | growing wealth inequality, economic crises, exploitation of labor through alienation, systematic oppression in social movements, environmental exploitation |
| Current Wealth Gap | characterized by a growing concentration of wealth at the top |
| How The Current Wealth Gap Relates To Marx's Ideas | capitalism inherently leads to the “accumulation of wealth at one pole” |
| Functionalism | society is greater than the sum of its parts, all social institutions contribute to balance and continuation of society // Parsons & Merton, 1950s U.S. |
| Limitations Of Functionalism | overemphasizes social stability at the expense of conflict and inequality, limited ability to explain social change, tends to view individuals as passive agents of social systems, potential for bias |
| Conflict Theory | emphasizes the role of power and oppression // Marxism // ex: feminism & feminist theory |
| Symbolic Interactionism | symbols are the basis of human communication, human interaction requires a “shared definition of the situation”, social behavior is emergent and interactive, not pre-determined (theorists like G.H. Mead and Blumer were opposed to “empiricism” and “facts”) |
| Limitations Of Symbolic Interactionism | neglects social structures and persistent structured inequalities, over-emphasizes human need for cooperation and shared understanding |
| Rational Choice Theory | humans seek to maximize rewards and minimize punishments, humans will engage in behaviors that are rewarding and disengage in those that are punished // (reinforcement theory, early psychologists including Skinner and Pavlov) // also Weber |
| Limitations Of Rational Choice Theory | humans are viewed as overly rational and calculated // ignores human ingenuity, creativity, agency, emotion, and irrationality |
| Key Concerns Of Feminist Theories | gender relations & gender inequality are central to the study of society // intersection of gender, race, and social class in social stratification and inequality |
| Intersectionality | a framework that explains how various social identities and systems of oppression (such as race, gender, class, and sexuality) interact and combine to create unique experiences of privilege, discrimination, and disadvantage for individuals |
| W.E.B. Du Bois | American sociologist, created the concept of “double consciousness” |
| Double Consciousness | the psychological experience of a person of color navigating a society that views them through a racial lens, forcing them to see themselves through a dominant group that often devalues them (W.E.B. Du Bois) |
| Why There Is Racial Inequality According To W.E.B. Du Bois | racial inequality is a social and economic construct, not a biological one // argued that it was created by systems of power to ensure white supremacy, resulting in the dehumanization of Black people and the exploitation of their labor and land |
| What It Means That Sociology Has Many Theoretical Perspectives | it uses different frameworks or “lenses” to study society each offering a different to view and explain social phenomena |
| How Different Theories Can Be Applied To Life Events | by providing different lenses such as macro-level (structural functionalism/conflict theory) and micro-level (symbolic interactionism) theories to interpret how social structures, inequality, and individual interactions shape individual experiences |
| Spurious Correlation/Relationship | a relationship that seems to exist between two variables, but is actually caused by an external or interfering variable |
| Humphreys' Tea Room Trade Study | in 1975, Humphreys was interested in learning about the “social structure of impersonal sex, the mechanisms that make it possible” // he wanted to study locations that were private, yet identifiable and accessible // violated ethical guidelines of consent |
| Society | a group of people living in a given territory governed by a common political authority // different than culture |
| Cultural Relativism | principle of understanding other cultures on their own terms, rather than judging according to one’s own culture |
| Multiculturalism | values diverse racial, ethnic, national, and linguistic backgrounds and so encourages the retention of cultural differences within society, rather than assimilation |
| Assimilation | the process by which an individual or minority group adopts the cultural traits, beliefs, and behaviors of a dominant culture, often leading to loss of their identity |
| Cultural Capital | a resource for determining class position (education, tastes, cultural knowledge, and ability to display sophistication of lack) |
| Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis | language shapes not only our communication but our perceptions of how we see things as well |
| Concerted Cultivation | actively fostering child’s talents and intervening on his or her behalf, instilling sense of entitlement (Lareau) |
| Accomplishments Of Natural Growth | caring for children but leaving them to fend for themselves socially, instilling a sense of constraint (Lareau) |
| Implication Of Lareau's Studies | class is reproduced not by the money you have but through the culture you practice |
| Social Stratification | the existence of structured inequalities between groups in society in terms of their access to material or symbolic rewards |
| Structured Inequalities | system where race, gender, and class are assigned unequal status, resulting in disadvantages of other groups |
| Social Class | a system of stratification based on primarily economic factors such as wealth, income, and occupation, which determine a person’s social standing (although it’s a commonly used term, there is no clear agreement as to how it should be defined) |
| Systems Of Social Stratification | hierarchical structure dividing society based on unequal distribution of resources, power, and prestige |
| Life Chances & Who Introduced The Term | a term introduced by Max Weber to signify a person’s opportunities to improve their quality of life // the idea of life chances is important because it emphasizes how and why social class matters, not just economics |
| Marx's Explanation Of Inequality | Marx believed that social class was determined by one’s relationship to means and production (capitalism, working class) |
| Weber's Perspective On Inequality | Weber believed that inequality was determined by multiple indicators (class, status, and party) |
| Class | one’s economic resources |
| Status | prestige or recognition |
| Party | ability to exert and use power/influence |
| Cultural Capital & Who Introduced It | cultural resources that a group holds such as knowledge of dominant art, music, literature, manners, or personal style // introduced by Bourdieu |
| Social Capital & Who Introduced It | connections // introduced by Bourdieu |
| Absolute Poverty & Who Measures It | attempts to define minimum amount of income needed for basic needs, does not adjust changes in living standards // U.S. |
| Relative Poverty & Who Measures It | defined as those families with incomes below 50% of the median income, attempt to capture change in living standards // many European governments |
| How U.S. Compares To Other Countries In Alleviating Poverty | U.S. spends less to directly alleviate poverty through welfare programs than other wealthy countries |
| Poverty Line | a benchmark income level used to define the minimum income a person or household needs to afford basic necessities like food, shelter, and clothing |
| Self-Sufficiency Standard | measures how much income for a family of a certain composition in a given place to adequately meet their basic needs (without public or private assistance) |
| Self-Sufficiency Standard Calculation & Accuracy | it is based on calculations of average spending for basic needs and the cost of living in the region // more accurate than the poverty line because it is a budget-based calculation that considers all basic needs for working families |
| Child Tax Credit | federal income tax credit designed to provide financial relief to families with qualifying children |
Created by:
age47
Popular Social Studies sets