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AP Euro Unit 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| William Harvey | English physician who discovered blood circulation and that the heart acted as a pump during the Scientific Revolution. He made Galen's idea of humors obsolete |
| Galen | Greek physician who had the idea that the body contained four humors - blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile. He believed that disease was caused by an imbalance of these humors which is why he believed in bloodletting |
| Francis Bacon | English politician and writer who created the modern scientific method using direct observations and scientific inquiry instead of speculative reasoning |
| Aristotle | He had the belief that everything rotated around the Earth and was a figurehead of Natural Philosophy |
| Copernicus | Published the belief that the Sun was the actual center of the solar system and that the Earth rotated around it. This was called the Copernican Hypothesis |
| Galileo | Created the law of inertia. He then created his own telescope to further disprove Aristotle and Ptolemy and proved Copernicus. Though he was arrested for this and recanted his findings to not be tortured |
| Issac Newton | English scientist that proved the idea of gravity with his Law of Universal Gravitation. It states that everything in the universe attracts everything else in the universe. |
| Religious Leaders Push Back | Pope Urban VIII placed Galileo on trial for heresy and threatened torture until he recanted. Religious leaders fought back against science a lot because it disproved Earth at the center of the universe as stated in Genesis. |
| John Locke | He believed in natural rights like life, liberty, and property in his paper, Second Treatise On Civil Government. |
| Montesquieu | He believed on separation of powers within a government, especially into three different powers to stop absolutism. He wrote The Spirit of the Laws and he influenced the US constitution |
| Baron d'Holbach | He was an atheist and he believed that everything could be explained using science rather than religion. He wrote The System of Nature and contributed to the Encyclopédie |
| Voltaire | He believed in freedom of religion and speech. He was a deist which is the belief that God created the Earth but now doesn't intervene in it. |
| Deism | The belief that God created the Earth, but then left it to run on its own. Comparable to how a clock maker creates a clock then lets it run on it's own without interference. |
| Diderot | Tried to write down the essential principles of every art and science in his, encyclopédie. He also was an atheist |
| Adam Smith | Hated mercantilism and its restrictions placed on trade. Didn't believe in gold holding a nation's wealth but instead the labor that was done within the country. He was the father of capitalism. Wrote The Wealth of Nations |
| Beccaria | Didn't believe in torture and he believed that the punishment should be consistent with the crime for everyone. Lead to criminal law reforms and limits on the use of torture. |
| Rousseau | Believed in the Social Contract where the governed allow the gov't to govern them through the general will of the people. Also believed in popular sovereignty. Was very conservative about women and he was used to justify tyranny. |
| Wollstonecraft | A women who fought for women's equality. She lead to the formation of women's rights groups. |
| David Hume | Advocated for skepticism. Wrote An Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion |
| Skepticism | The belief that all information should be approached with doubt until proven true using rational thought and experimentation. Was very radical against religion. |
| Salon | A place that was usually ran by wealthy and influential women that allowed for the spread of ideas and the Enlightenment. |
| Physiocrats | People who believed that labor and land were sources of wealth. They challenged the importance of monarchs since they believed that gov'ts are supposed to protect peoples natural rights. Adam Smith |
| The Copernicus Hypothesis | The first published work that stated that the Earth rotated around the Sun which was at the center of the universe. Was opposed by the Catholic Church for its heliocentric beliefs which went directly against the scriptures. |
| 18th Century Philosophes | Rousseau - Social Contract through general will Voltaire - Freedom of Religion and Speech Montesquieu - 3 Branches of Government Adam Smith - Capitalism |
| England before and after English Civil War | Monarchy under Charles I - Dictatorship under Oliver Cromwell |
| Enlightenment before and after | Mercantilist - Capitalist (Adam Smith) Used torture + unfair punishments - Less torture + fair punishments (Beccaria) Difficult spread of knowledge - Salons + new academies to help the spread of new information |
| Causes of the Agricultural Revolution | New innovations in Farming - Land Reclamation, 4 year crop rotation, selective breeding, new crops (corn, potatoes, etc), enclosure movement |
| Enclosure Movement | The loss of common pasture areas to wealthy land owners, allowed for higher yields |
| Scientific Revolution before and after | Questions answered in Bible - Questions answered using experimentation and rational thought (Francis Bacon) Church Weakened - Questions being answered which are going against the Bible and what it's scriptures say |
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