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U.S History Unit 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Articles of Confederation | Basis For a new government following the Revolutionary War that was too weak |
| Articles of Confederation Positives | 1. Western lands-A policy for settlement of the western lands 2. Federal System -outlined a system that was a basis of government 3. War and Diplomacy - Revolutionary War and peace Treaty |
| Weakness Of Articles of Confederation | Can't collect tax or regulate trade. All states had 1 vote only and 9/13 of them had to agree for laws to be passed. Amendments had to be agreed on by all states. Lack of national unity or Executive branch or court system |
| Constitutional Convention (May 25, 1787) | In Philadelphia 12 states besides Rhode Island sent representatives that were mostly men from the upper class that owned land like Washington, Madison, and Franklin |
| Central Government | Authority derives from the people and the central government should be stronger than the states |
| Strong States | Authority comes from the states and the Articles should be modified with the states still having more power than the Federal Government |
| Federalism | Division of power where the Federal government, states, and people had separate powers with some being shared |
| Large States | Congress should be composed of 2 houses with the number of delegates in both depend on state population |
| Small States | Congress of one house should be preserved with each state having one vote |
| Bicameral (2 houses) Legislature | The lower house of House of Representatives that is based on population. The upper house of the Senate where each state has two representatives and Vice President is the tiebreaker |
| North | Slaves should not be counted when deciding the number of Congressional delegates but be counted when levying taxes |
| South | Slaves should be counted when determining congressional representation but not when levying taxes |
| 3/5ths Compromise | Slaves will be counted as 3/5ths of a person for both taxes and congressional representation |
| Federalists | Supported the ratification of the constitution |
| Anti-Federalist | Focus on lack of individual rights in the constitution, lack of civil rights. They did not favor the ratification of the constitution |
| Article 1: Congress | The most democratic branch of the federal government. It's 535 memebers are the only federal officials elected by the people. Met for every few months now meet almost year around. Consider more than 12,000 bills on issues |
| Congress Structure | 2 house legislature with higher Senate house (2 senators per state) and House Of Repersentatives (based on population) |
| Powers Of Congress | 1.Taxes 2.Borrow Money 3.Coining Money and regulating value 4.Regulating foreign and state trade 5.Grant patents and copyrights 6. Declare war 7.Raise army and navy 8.Create lower courts 9. Post office creation 10. Control Fedral Property |
| Necessary and Proper Clause (Elastic Clause) | Provides for Congress to make laws to help carry out its powers |
| Strict Constructionalist | Constitution should be read literally and elastic clause should be used only when necessary |
| Loose Constructuonalist | Broad interpretation of the constitution |
| Article 2: President | The U.S president is Chief of state, Chief diplomat, Commander in Cheif, Cheif executive, Chief legislator and head of their political party |
| Election of the President | Race to be the first nominated by their political party then to win the national election. Every 4 years on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November electors are voted (Electoral College) |
| Executive Branch | President Vice President Cabinent Various Government agencies |
| Article 3: The Judicial Branch | Supreme court is the only court mentioned in the constutiion. Number of justices is not stated but today there are 9 |
| Supreme Court | Has the power of original and appellate jurisdiction. Hear cases for the first time and cases from lower federal courts and from highest state courts |
| Judicial Review (Marbury v. Madison) | The court reviews the constitutionality of certain acts passed by Congress and is used to create and throw out laws passed by Congress. |
| Judicial Structure | 12 regional federal judicial circuits with each having its own court of appeals and number of trial courts. There are 94 in all. Supreme Court can hear any case it feels is needed |
| Bill Of Rights (1-5) | 1. Freedom of speech, religion, press, and Assembly 2.The right to bear arms 3.No housing of soldiers 4. Protection against unreasonable searches 5. Guarantees rights in criminal cases, no double Jeopardy, property can't be taken without compensation |
| Bill Of Rights (6-9) | 6. The right to a speedy and public reial by impartial jury 7.The right to a jury trial in civil cases 8.No cruel or unusual punishments 9. Unlisted rights are not unprotected |
| Bill Of Rights 10 | Any constitutional power not given to the government or withheld from the states are reserved for the people and the states |
| Checks And Balances | Insure one branch of the government doesn't become more powerful than the rest |
| French Revolution | Most Americans supported French revolution until the region of terror. Problems occured with American economic ties to England and upholding the alliance with France and U.S weak military |
| Political parties | Started around time of the French Revolution with the Federalists that supported England against the French revolutionasts and Democrat Republicans that supported France |
| Proclamation of Neutrality | U.S decided to stay out of European affairs because of the French Revolution though stay on peaceful terms with European countries |
| Jay's Treat 1794 | Washington sent Chief Justice John Jay to England to negotiate a Treaty to avoid war. England had to leave American forts by June 1, 1796, food was contraband, and U.S and British East Indies could trade direct |
| Washington's Farewell Address 1796 | U.S should maintain commerical ties to Europe but not enter any permeant alliances which the U.S followed until the 1940's |
| Failure At Neutarlity | Relationship with France is getting worse because of U.S not upholding the alliance. John Jay and Thomas Pinckney establish treaties with England and Spain |
| XYZ Affair | John Adams sents three ministers to France in 1797 to negotiate a commerical agreement to protect US shipping. Three French agents attempt to bribe the ministers and this upsets the U.S |
| The Natutalization Act | The residence requirement for citizenships goes from 5 to 14 years |
| The Alien Act | The President could deport "dangerous" aliens at will |
| Alien Enemy Act | The President could expel or imprison enemy aliens during times of declared war |
| The Sedition Act | Any conspiracy against the government including riots and interference with officers would result in a high misdemeanor |
| Kentucky and Virfinia Resolutions of 1798 | Federal violations of civil liberties and Federal restrictions on the freedom of the press clause of the First Amendment. After 1830 Resolutions become important in American history. |
| Tripolitan War 1801-1805 | Tripoli government demanded tribute to their government so they had American ships raided. U.S Navy protected ships until Tripoli was subdued |
| Britain and France | Were at war in 1803 again. Shipping neutrality was in danger and impressment of sailor and seizure began again |
| Louisiana Puchase 1803 | France's Napolean sold the Loususiana Territory for $15,000,000 because they needed money and were losing control of the territory. Jefferson had to modify jis constitutional theories |
| Embargo Act 1807 | Forbade all exports from the US to any country. Hurt Britian and forced U.S into a depression |
| Non-Intercourse Act 1809 | Restricted the trade with Enfland and France (Reolaced the Embargo Act) |
| The War Hawks | Republican Congressmen that wanted war with Britiain. Led by Senator John Calhon and Henry Clay |
| Election of 1808 | Democratic Republivan James Madison won and wanted war with the British |
| The War In Canada | The British captured Detroit and the Americans failed to capture Canada. Native Americans help British so they could stop losing more land |
| The War at Sea | In November 1812 the British blocked the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays. By 1813 most American ships couldn't leave their ports |
| The War on Land (Battle for Washington) | British soldiers invaded Washington D.C in 1814 and burned the White House. First Lady Doley Madison was able to save a painting of Washington |
| The Battle at Fort McHenry | Lawyer Franicis Scott Key saw the battle and wrote The Star-Spangled Banner when he saw an American flag flying over Ft. McHenry after the battle |
| Battle of New Orleans (1815) | Americans soldiers led by future president Andrew Jackson defeated the British though fighting continued because word didn't reach them for weeks |
| Treaty of Ghent (December 1815) | England and America negotiated peace in Ghent, Beligum and became allies. America gained respect from other countries |
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