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unit 1 - ap gov exam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Pluralist Theory | groups with shared interests influence public policy by pressing their concerns through organized efforts |
| Elite (Marxist) Theory | society is divided along class lines; an upper-class of elites pulls the strings of government |
| Participatory Theory | actively engaging citizens in the political decision-making process, allowing them to influence policy and governance beyond simply voting for representatives |
| Shay’s Rebellion (farmers take over Mass. statehouse) | Exposed the Articles of Confederation weak central gov (unicameral leg, no exec, no court, no federal tax or regulation of commerce, amendments required all 13 states) |
| Thomas Hobbes | state of nature; human nature is corrupt |
| John Locke | Natural rights = life, liberty, and property; consent of governed; limited government |
| Baron de Montesquieu | separation of powers |
| The Federalist Papers (publius) | Purpose of govt = to protect property rights; Republic = best form of government; Large republics = less chance of factions gaining power; Sep. powers = checks human nature; “Double Security” = sep. powers & federalism |
| popular sovereignty | Government power comes from the consent of the people |
| limited government | Government can only do what the Constitution allows |
| separation of powers | Government power is divided among legislative, executive, and judicial branches |
| checks & balances | Each branch can limit the powers of the others to prevent abuse |
| judicial review | Courts can strike down laws or actions that violate the Constitution |
| federalism | Power is shared between national and state governments |
| Anti-Feds: BRUTUS 1 | Warned that a strong central government would threaten states’ rights and individual freedoms |
| supremacy clause | Federal law is the highest law and overrides conflicting state laws |
| necessary and proper clause | Congress can make laws needed to carry out its expressed powers |
| Great Compromise (Connecticut Plan) | Virginia Plan, New Jersey Plan |
| Slavery | 3/5 counted for representation in House; slave trade cannot be outlawed until 1808; escaped slaves returned |
| Article I | Legislative; House=25 & 7 yrs citizen; Senate=30 & 9 yrs citizen; elastic (necessary & proper) clause; powers (tax, coin, army, declare war), powers denied (suspending habeas corpus, bills of attainder, ex post facto laws) |
| Article II | Executive Branch – president natural-born citizen, 35 years old, 14 years resident, commander-in-chief |
| Article III | Judicial Branch – establishes Supreme Court (Congress creates lower courts) |
| Article IV | States – full faith & credit clause, privileges & immunities clause, admitting new states |
| Article V | Amending the Constitution Formally – Proposal = National Level (2/3 Congress or Nat’l Convention); Ratification = State Level (3/4 State Leg or State Convention) |
| Article VI | Supremacy Clause |
| Article VII | 9 states approval to ratify |
| Marbury v. Madison and Judicial Review | Marbury sued Madison for refusing to deliver his judicial commission, seeking a writ of mandamus. Court lacked ability to issue a writ of mandamus. Judiciary Act was unconstitutional |
| McCulloch v. Maryland | Maryland taxed McCulloch and he refused to pay the tax. Congress had the implied power to create the bank under the Necessary and Proper Clause. Established federal supremacy and implied powers. |
| U.S. v. Lopez | Lopez charged for bringing gun to school under the Gun-Free School Zones Act. Congress justified using the Commerce Clause. unconstitutional — carrying a gun in a school zone is not an economic activity. Limited Congress’s power |
| Federal Powers | expressed, implied, inherent powers |
| State Powers | reserved (10th Amendment) |
| Full Faith & Credit Clause | to the public acts, records, and civil judicial proceedings of every other state |
| Extradition | States must return a person charged with a crime in another state to that state for trial or imprisonment |
| Privileges & Immunities | goal is to prohibit states from discriminating against citizens of other states |
| Strengths of Federalism | Provides strength of union; allows flexibility to community differences; facilitates political access & participation |
| Criticisms of Federalism | allows inequality, lets states block national plans; too much government, allows local corruption |
| Categorical Grants | - money with strict parameters. |
| Block Grants | - ex: TANF - less strings attached power back to the states over welfare. |
| Unfunded mandates | federal laws that require state or local governments to perform actions without providing the funds to cover the costs |
| 10th amendment | reserves all powers not delegated to the federal government to the states or the people |
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