Question 1

Era of Good Feelings

Accepted Answer

the period following the War of 1812, marked by a sense of national unity and political harmony under President James Monroe. It was a time of reduced partisan conflict, though underlying issues like sectionalism were still present.

Question 2

Sectionalism

Accepted Answer

the division of the country into regions with distinct political, economic, and social interests, particularly between the North, South, and West. This contributed to tensions over issues like slavery and tariffs, eventually leading to the Civil War.

Question 3

“The Star-Spangled Banner”

Accepted Answer

the national anthem of the United States, written by Francis Scott Key during the War of 1812 after witnessing the British attack on Fort McHenry. It became a symbol of American resilience and patriotism.

Question 4

“Common Man”

Accepted Answer

the average American, particularly farmers and laborers, whose interests were championed by Andrew Jackson during his presidency. Jacksonian Democracy emphasized expanding political power to these everyday citizens.

Question 5

Utopias

Accepted Answer

idealistic communities created in the 19th century with the goal of achieving social and economic perfection. These experimental societies, such as New Harmony and Brook Farm, often focused on communal living and reformist ideals.

Question 6

Shakers

Accepted Answer

a religious group known for their simple, communal lifestyle, celibacy, and worship through dancing. Founded in the late 18th century, they believed in gender equality and the second coming of Christ.

Question 7

Oneida Community

Accepted Answer

a utopian religious group founded by John Humphrey Noyes in the mid-19th century. They practiced communal ownership, complex marriage, and sought human perfection through cooperative living.

Question 8

Antebellum

Accepted Answer

the period in American history before the Civil War, particularly focusing on the social, political, and economic issues of the time, including slavery and reform movements. It was a time of growing tension between the North and South.

Question 9

Romanticism

Accepted Answer

a cultural movement that emphasized emotion, individualism, and a deep connection to nature, reacting against the Enlightenment’s focus on reason.

Question 10

Transcendentalists

Accepted Answer

a group of thinkers in the 19th century who believed in the inherent goodness of people and nature, emphasizing individual intuition and self-reliance. Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau were key figures

Question 11

Hudson River School

Accepted Answer

a mid-19th century American art movement known for its romantic landscape paintings, which celebrated the beauty and grandeur of American wilderness.

Question 12

James Fenimore Cooper

Accepted Answer

an American writer in the early 19th century, best known for his Leatherstocking Tales series, which included The Last of the Mohicans. His works reflected themes of frontier life, nature, and American identity.

Question 13

Second Great Awakening

Accepted Answer

a religious revival movement that began in the early 19th century, sparking widespread evangelical fervor and influencing reform movements like abolitionism and temperance. It emphasized personal salvation, emotional preaching, and social morality.

Question 14

Charles Grandison Finney

Accepted Answer

a leading preacher of the Second Great Awakening, known for his fiery revival sermons that emphasized individual conversion and moral reform. He played a key role in promoting social reforms, including abolition and temperance.

Question 15

Mormonism

Accepted Answer

founded by Joseph Smith in the early 19th century, is a religious movement that emerged during the Second Great Awakening, emphasizing new revelations and scripture, such as the Book of Mormon.

Question 16

Temperance

Accepted Answer

Movement that aimed to reduce or eliminate alcohol consumption, viewing alcohol as a source of social problems like poverty and crime. It gained momentum in the early 19th century, leading to the formation of groups like the American Temperance Society.

Question 17

Asylum movement

Accepted Answer

led by reformer Dorothea Dix, sought to improve conditions for the mentally ill and establish state hospitals to provide humane care. Dix’s efforts in the 1840s led to significant reforms in the treatment of mental health patients.

Question 18

Horace Mann

Accepted Answer

a key figure in education reform during the early 19th century, advocating for free, universal public education. He believed that education was essential for creating informed citizens and reducing social inequality.

Question 19

Cult of Domesticity

Accepted Answer

a cultural belief in the early 19th century that promoted the idea that women’s roles were centered around home and family, emphasizing virtues like piety, purity, and submissiveness.

Question 20

King Cotton

Accepted Answer

the dominance of cotton as the South’s primary cash crop in the early 19th century, fueling both the economy and the expansion of slavery. Cotton’s economic importance made it central to southern society and the growing divide between the North and South.

Question 21

American System

Accepted Answer

an economic plan proposed by Henry Clay in the early 19th century, designed to promote U.S. industry and infrastructure through protective tariffs, a national bank, and federal funding for internal improvements like roads and canals.

Question 22

Tariff of Abominations (Tariff of 1828)

Accepted Answer

a high protective tariff passed in 1828, designed to protect northern manufacturers by raising import duties on foreign goods.

Question 23

Panic of 1819

Accepted Answer

the first major financial crisis in the United States, caused by a collapse in cotton prices, land speculation, and reckless lending practices. It led to widespread foreclosures, unemployment, and economic depression

Question 24

National Road

Accepted Answer

also known as the Cumberland Road, the first major federally funded highway in the U.S., stretching from Maryland to Illinois. It played a key role in facilitating westward expansion and the transportation of goods and people

Question 25

Erie Canal

Accepted Answer

completed in 1825, connected the Great Lakes to the Hudson River, dramatically improving trade and transportation between the Midwest and the East Coast. It accelerated economic growth in the northern states.

Question 26

Robert Fulton; Steamboats

Accepted Answer

Robert Fulton was an American inventor who developed the first commercially viable steamboat, the Clermont, in 1807. Steamboats revolutionized river travel and trade, allowing goods and people to move more quickly and efficiently

Question 27

Railroads

Accepted Answer

emerged as a major transportation innovation in the 19th century, facilitating faster and more reliable movement of goods and passengers across long distances.

Question 28

Telegraph

Accepted Answer

The telegraph, invented by Samuel Morse in the 1830s, was the first long-distance electronic communication system, using coded signals over wires.

Question 29

Interchangeable Parts

Accepted Answer

Eli Whitney was an American inventor who developed the concept of interchangeable parts, initially applied to gun manufacturing. This innovation allowed for the mass production of goods with standardized parts

Question 30

Lowell System – Textile Mills

Accepted Answer

a labor and production model used in the early 19th century in Massachusetts textile mills, where young women, known as "Lowell girls," lived in company-owned boarding houses and worked under strict supervision.

Question 31

Market Revolution

Accepted Answer

a period of economic transformation in the early 19th century, marked by the expansion of markets, the rise of factories, and improvements in transportation and communication.

Question 32

Panic of 1837

Accepted Answer

a major financial crisis triggered by speculative lending practices, the collapse of state "pet banks," and President Andrew Jackson’s decision to move federal funds from the national bank to state banks.

Question 33

Indian Removal Act

Accepted Answer

signed by President Andrew Jackson in 1830, authorized the federal government to negotiate the relocation of Native American tribes from their ancestral lands in the southeastern United States to designated territory west of the Mississippi River.

Question 34

Trail of Tears

Accepted Answer

forced relocation of Native Americans from the southeastern U.S. to territory west of the Mississippi. Thousands of Native Americans suffered from disease, exposure, and starvation during the journey, and 4,000 Cherokee died

Question 35

Louisiana Purchase

Accepted Answer

1803 land deal between the U.S. and France in which the U.S. acquired approximately 828,000 square miles of territory west of the Mississippi River for $15 million. This purchase doubled the size of the U.S. and opened vast lands for westward expansion.

Question 36

Judicial Review

Accepted Answer

the power of the courts to examine and invalidate laws or executive actions that are unconstitutional. This principle was established by the U.S. Supreme Court in the case of Marbury v. Madison (1803).

Question 37

Marbury v. Madison

Accepted Answer

1803 landmark U.S. Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review, allowing the Court to strike down laws it deems unconstitutional. This case strengthened the judiciary's role in the American government.

Question 38

Second Bank of the United States

Accepted Answer

a national bank chartered in 1816 to stabilize the economy and provide a strong currency. It became a central issue during Andrew Jackson’s presidency, as he opposed its power, leading to its eventual demise in 1836.

Question 39

Tallmadge Amendment

Accepted Answer

proposed in 1819, sought to restrict the expansion of slavery into Missouri by prohibiting the further introduction of enslaved people and gradually emancipating those already there.

Question 40

Missouri Compromise

Accepted Answer

1820 agreement that allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state, while banning slavery in the Louisiana Territory north of the 36°30' latitude line. It was an attempt to balance power between slave and free states.

Question 41

Hartford Convention

Accepted Answer

1814-1815 meeting of New England Federalists who opposed the War of 1812 and discussed possible secession or constitutional amendments to protect their region's interests. The convention's actions weakened the Federalist Party, leading to its decline.

Question 42

Impressment

Accepted Answer

the British practice of forcibly recruiting American sailors into the British navy, a major cause of the War of 1812. This violation of American sovereignty angered many and increased tensions between the U.S. and Britain.

Question 43

Anti-Masonic Party

Accepted Answer

founded in the 1820s, the first third party in the U.S. and opposed the influence of the secretive Freemason society. It also advocated for political reforms and broader democratic participation.

Question 44

Spoils System

Accepted Answer

the practice of rewarding political supporters with government jobs, a policy popularized by Andrew Jackson during his presidency. It was intended to democratize government but often led to inefficiency and corruption.

Question 45

Andrew Jackson

Accepted Answer

the 7th president of the United States (1829-1837) and a war hero, known for his populist style and policies that expanded executive power. He promoted the Indian Removal Act and opposed the Second Bank of the United States.

Question 46

Henry Clay

Accepted Answer

a prominent American politician and statesman known as the "Great Compromiser" for his efforts in negotiating the Missouri Compromise and other key agreements. He also advocated for the American System.

Question 47

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

Accepted Answer

1831 U.S. Supreme Court case where the Cherokee Nation sought protection from Georgia’s laws. The Court ruled that Native American tribes were "domestic dependent nations" and thus had no standing to sue in federal courts.

Question 48

Worcester v. Georgia

Accepted Answer

1832 Supreme Court case that ruled in favor of the Cherokee Nation, stating that Georgia’s laws had no authority within Cherokee territory. President Andrew Jackson, however, ignored the ruling, leading to the forced removal of the Cherokee.

Question 49

Corrupt Bargain

Accepted Answer

in the 1824 election, no candidate received a majority of electoral votes. The House chose John Quincy Adams as president. Andrew Jackson's supporters accused Adams of making a deal with Henry Clay, who became Secretary of State, to secure the presidency.

Question 50

Nullification Crisis

Accepted Answer

1832-1833 confrontation between South Carolina and the federal government over the state's attempt to nullify the Tariff of 1828, which it deemed unconstitutional.

Question 51

Democrats

Accepted Answer

Party founded by supporters of Andrew Jackson in the 1820s, promoted the interests of the "common man" and opposed the centralization of government power.

Question 52

Whigs

Accepted Answer

Party formed in the 1830s, opposed Andrew Jackson's policies and supported a stronger federal government, internal improvements, and the American System.

Question 53

“Log Cabin and Hard Cider” Campaign

Accepted Answer

strategy used in the 1840 presidential election to promote William Henry Harrison as a humble, frontier hero of the common man, contrasting him with the incumbent, Martin Van Buren, who was portrayed as an elitist.

Question 54

Women’s Christian Temperance Union

Accepted Answer

founded in 1874, a leading organization advocating for temperance, or the reduction of alcohol consumption. The WCTU also supported social reforms like women's suffrage, education, and labor rights.

Question 55

Seneca Falls Convention

Accepted Answer

1848, the first women's rights convention in the U.S., organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott. The convention produced the Declaration of Sentiments, calling for women's equality and the right to vote.

Question 56

Susan B. Anthony

Accepted Answer

a prominent women's rights activist and suffragist who played a key role in the fight for women's right to vote. She co-founded the National Woman Suffrage Association with Elizabeth Cady Stanton and was a leading figure in the women’s suffrage movement.

Question 57

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Accepted Answer

a leading women's rights advocate and organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848. She co-authored the Declaration of Sentiments, which demanded equal rights for women, including the right to vote.

Question 58

Lucretia Mott

Accepted Answer

an abolitionist and women's rights activist who co-organized the Seneca Falls Convention with Elizabeth Cady Stanton. She was a key figure in both the anti-slavery and women's suffrage movements.

Question 59

Abolition

Accepted Answer

the movement to end slavery in the U.S., gaining momentum in the early 19th century. Abolitionists called for the immediate emancipation of enslaved people and played a crucial role in shaping the debate leading up to the Civil War.

Question 60

American Antislavery Society

Accepted Answer

founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and other abolitionists, sought to end slavery in the U.S. through moral persuasion and political action. It was one of the most influential abolitionist organizations of the period.

Question 61

William Lloyd Garrison; The Liberator

Accepted Answer

a radical abolitionist and editor of The Liberator, an anti-slavery newspaper that called for the immediate abolition of slavery. He was a key figure in the abolitionist movement, advocating for the end of slavery through moral reform and civil rights.

Question 62

Liberty Party

Accepted Answer

founded in 1840, the first political party in the U.S. dedicated to the abolition of slavery. It sought to end slavery through political means and nominated James G. Birney for president.

Question 63

Frederick Douglass

Accepted Answer

a former enslaved person who became a leading abolitionist, writer, and orator. His autobiography and speeches detailed his experiences with slavery and championed civil rights for African Americans and women.

Question 64

Harriet Tubman

Accepted Answer

an abolitionist and former enslaved woman who became a conductor on the Underground Railroad, helping hundreds of enslaved people escape to freedom. She also worked as a spy and nurse for the Union during the Civil War.

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APUSH Period 4