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Soc Psych Exam1
PSY2533 Social Psych Chapters 1-5 for exam 1 review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is encephalization (AKA Encephalization quotient (EQ), encephalization level (EL)? | The ratio between the observed and predicted brain size |
| What is "cold" perspective? | Looking at cognition to explain social behavior, separate from emotion |
| What is "hot" perspective? | Looking at emotion and motivation to explain social behavior |
| What is the "knew-it-all-along" phenomenon? | Believing psychological findings are common sense after they are proven. This is typically contradictory or misleading. |
| What is embodied cognition? | The theory that the mind and body aren't separated, but that thoughts are influenced by physical experiences. (Learning through movement, meditation, etc) |
| What are the six stages of the scientific method? | Observation, Background review, Hypothesis, Testing, Record data, Share results |
| What is the first stage of the scientific method? | Make an observation |
| What is the second stage of the scientific method? | Do background research |
| What is the third stage of the scientific method? | Form a hypothesis |
| What is the fourth stage of the scientific method? | Test your hypothesis |
| What is the fifth stage of the scientific method? | Record your data |
| What is the sixth stage of the scientific method? | Share your results |
| What is a theory? | A general explanation for a wide range of phenomena |
| What is applied research? | Research focused on providing a real-world solution |
| What is a conceptual variable? | Abstract or general form (intelligence, social anxiety) that needs to be operationalized in order to be studied |
| What is an operational definition? | The way a conceptual variable is manipulated or measured (IQ scores, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale score) |
| What is the problem with self-reports? | Inaccurate, social desirability bias, affected by framing |
| What are the three main categories of research? | Descriptive research, correlational research, experimental research |
| What are three types of descriptive studies? | Observational studies, archival studies, surveys |
| What is correlation coefficient? | Measures the strength and direction of the relationship between the variables from a -1.0 to 1.0 scale |
| What is a problem of correlational research? | Cannot make causal claims (third variable problem) |
| What are two essential characteristics of an experiment? | Researcher controls procedures and variables. Participants are randomly assigned to different manipulations. |
| What is random sampling? | Randomly selecting a small group to represent a larger population for generalized results (surveys) |
| What is random assignment? | Randomly distributes participants into smaller groups for comparative results (experiments) |
| What is an extraneous variable? | An overlooked variable that effects the dependent variable and may skew independent variable's perceived effect |
| What is a confounding variable? | A type of extraneous variable that effects both independent and dependent variables and can mislead causal claims |
| What is experimenter expectancy effect? | Experimenters' expectations of results, this may affect or bias results |
| What is mundane realism? | The extent to which an experiment resembles the real-world setting of interest |
| What is experimental realism? | Experimental situation is compelling and real to the participants |
| What are confederates? | Actors in an experiment that provide deception and control for experimenters |
| What is sense of self? | Ability to self-reflect and establish identity |
| What are the ABC's of the self? | Affect, behavior, cognition |
| What does the A in ABC's of the self stand for? | Affect |
| What does the B in ABC's of the self stand for? | Behavior |
| What does the C in ABC's of the self stand for? | Cognition |
| What is a schematic trait? | An important trait associated with self-identity |
| What is an aschematic trait? | A normal trait not associated heavily with self-identity |
| What is a self-schema? | A belief people hold about themselves that guides the processing of self-relevant information |
| What is self-concept? | The total of one's self beliefs (Collection of self-schemas) |
| What is the first step of self concept? | Seeing oneself as a distinct entity in the world |
| What is the second step of self concept? | Imagining others' thoughts about one and incorporating these perceptions into self concept |
| What is affective forecasting? | Predicting one's feelings about a future event |
| What is impact bias? | Believing one's feelings for a hypothetical event will be more exaggerated than they really would be |
| What does the Self-Other Knowledge Asymmetry (SOKA) model prove about internal and difficult to observe traits (anxiety, shyness)? | One evaluates themself better than others |
| What does the Self-Other Knowledge Asymmetry (SOKA) model prove about external/easier to observe and nonevaluative traits (self-esteem)? | There is no evaluative difference between oneself and others |
| What does the Self-Other Knowledge Asymmetry (SOKA) model prove about internal and evaluative traits (e.g., intelligence)? | Others evaluate one better than one |
| What is facial feedback hypothesis? | Changes in facial expression can trigger corresponding changes in the subjective experience of emotion |
| Where does intrinsic motivation originate from? | Internal factors (passion) |
| Where does extrinsic motivation originate from? | External factors (achievement) |
| What is the over justification effect? | Intrinsic motivation lowers when extrinsic motivation, or reward, increase |
| What happens when someone extrinsically motivated is rewarded? | Their intrinsic motivation increases |
| What is social comparison theory (Festinger)? | People often describe themself (skills, values, etc) in comparison to others |
| What is the two-factor theory of emotion? | The theory that describes what factors are necessary to feel an emotion: arousal and interpretation |
| What is the first factor of the two-factor theory of emotion? | One must feel physiological arousal |
| What is the second factor of the two-factor theory of emotion? | One must interpret that arousal to the emotion being felt (Often involves others around for understanding) |
| What is the recency rule? | Most people recall recent events more often than older memories |
| What is the "reminiscence bump"? | Elderly often recall events associated with adolescence |
| What are flashbulb memories? | Memories of monumental events (9/11) |
| What are the four I's of culture? | Ideas, institutions, interactions, individuals |
| What is self-esteem? | An evaluative component of the self (positive and negative evaluations; stable vs unstable) |
| What is the pattern of self-esteem over a lifespan? | Increase, stable, increase, decrease |
| What is Sociometer Theory (Leary and Baumeister)? | Looks at self-esteem as a gauge from social rejection to acceptance |
| What is Terror Management Theory? | Humans react to morality with coping mechanism such as culture, religion, history |
| What is Self-Discrepancy Theory? | Self-esteem is evaluated by the match or mismatch between the actual, ought, and ideal self |
| What are the three selves? | Actual self, ought self, ideal self |
| What is Self-Awareness theory? | Being self-aware leads to noticing discrepancies between self that force one to "shape up or shape out" |
| What is private self-consciousness? | A characteristic of individuals who are introspective, often attending to their own inner thoughts and feelings |
| What is public self-consciousness? | A characteristic of individuals who focus on their outer public image |
| What is the better-than-average effect? | People tend to believe they are better than average (statistically impossible) |
| What is self-handicapping? | Intentionally placing roadblocks in the way of success to create an excuse for expected failure (softens blow on self-esteem) |
| What is BIRGing? | Basking in Reflected Glory. Associating with successful people to increase perceived success |
| What is CORFing? | Cutting off Reflected Failure. Cutting off unsuccessful people to increase perceived success |
| What is the spotlight effect? | The tendency for people to believe there is more social attention on them than there really is? |
| What is "ingratiation"? | Describes acts that are motivated by the desire to “get along” with others and be liked |
| What is self-promotion? | Describe acts that are motivated by a desire to “get ahead” and gain respect for one’s competence |
| What is self-verification? | The desire for others to perceive one the way one perceives themself |
| What is self-monitoring? | The tendency to regulate one’s own behavior to meet the demands of social situations |
| What is the difference between high and low self-monitoring people? | High self-monitoring people have more selves and better regulate under social demands while low self-monitoring people have limited selves |
| Where do humans form their first impressions from? | Face and appearance |
| What two traits are most quickly detected for? | Trustworthiness and competence |
| What are the six primary emotions? | Happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise and disgust |
| What percentage of human conversation is lies? | ~7% |
| What percentage of lies are white lies? | ~90% |
| What are the four channels of communication? | The spoken word, the face, the body, and the voice |
| What is a disposition? | Stable characteristics, such as personality traits, attitudes, and abilities |
| What is an attribution? | Explanations for perceived behaviors and actions |
| What is a personal attribution? | Attributions to personal characteristics such as personality or mood |
| What is a situational attribution? | Attributions to situational characteristic such as task or luck |
| What is Jones’s Correspondent Inference Theory? | A theory to understand personal characteristics from situational evidence by looking at choices, expectedness, and effect |
| What is the first factor of Jones’s Correspondent Inference Theory? | Person's degree of choice |
| What is the second factor of Jones’s Correspondent Inference Theory? | Expectedness of behavior |
| What is the third factor of Jones’s Correspondent Inference Theory? | Intended effects or consequences of behavior |
| What is Kelley’s Covariation Theory? | In order for something to be the cause of a behavior, it must be present when the behavior occurs and absent when it does not |
| What are the covariations looked at in Kelley’s Covariation Theory? | Consensus, distinctiveness, consistency |
| What is the consensus covariation of Kelley’s Covariation Theory? | How different persons react to the same stimulus |
| What is the distinctiveness covariation of Kelley’s Covariation Theory? | How the same person reacts to different stimuli |
| What is the consistency covariation of Kelley’s Covariation Theory? | What happens to the behavior at another time when the person and the stimulus both remain the same |
| What is a heuristic? | Information-processing rules of thumb that enable us to think in ways that are quick and easy but that often lead to error |
| What is availability heuristic? | The tendency to estimate the likelihood that an event will occur by how easily instances of it come to mind |
| What is the false-consensus effect? | A tendency for people to overestimate the extent to which others share their opinions, attributes, and behaviors |
| What is base-rate fallacy? | The finding that people are relatively insensitive to consensus information presented in the form of numerical base rates; can lead to various misperception of risk |
| What is counterfactual thinking? | Imagined alternative events or pathways |
| What is Fundamental Attribution Error? | Overestimate the role of personal factors and overlook the impact of situations (especially in others) |
| What are the two steps of social perception? | Make a quick attribution and then adjust it for situational influences |
| What is relational mobility? | How much freedom and opportunity a society affords individuals to form new social ties and shed old ones based on personal preference. |
| What is impression formation? | The process of integrating information about a person to form a coherent impression |
| What is information integration theory? | impressions are formed of others based on a combination, or integration, of personal dispositions and a weighted average of characteristics |
| What are priming effects? | The tendency for recently used or perceived words or ideas to come to mind easily and influence the interpretation of new information |
| What is the valence of a trait? | How good or bad it is perceived to be. Contributes to the overall weighted average of perception |
| What is trait negativity bias? | The tendency for negative information to weigh more heavily on our impressions than positive information (approx 5-1) |
| What is an implicit personality theory? | A network of assumptions about the relationships among various types of people, traits, and behaviors |
| What is the primacy effect? | The tendency for information presented early in a sequence to have more impact on impressions than on the information presented later |
| What is confirmation bias? | The tendency to seek, interpret, and create information that verifies existing beliefs |
| What is belief perserverance? | A tendency to retain to one’s initial beliefs even after they had been discredited |
| What is a self-fulfilling prophecy? | The process by which one’s expectations about a person eventually lead that person to behave in ways that confirm those expectations. |
| What are the two different views of social perception? | Quick and mindful |
| What are the three kinds of racism? | Old fashioned racism, modern racism, aversive racism |
| What is aversive racism? | Unconscious prejudice that conflicts with presenting thoughts |
| What is a stereotype? | A belief or association that links a whole group of people with certain traits or characteristics |
| What is prejudice? | Negative feelings about others because of their connection to a social group |
| What is discrimination? | Concerns behaviors—specifically, negative behaviors directed against persons because of their membership in a particular group |
| What are metastereotypes? | Thoughts about the outgroup’s stereotypes about them, and worry about being seen as consistent with these stereotypes |
| What is ambivalent sexism? | A mix of negative, resentful beliefs with affectionate that may be patronizing |
| What is hostile sexism? | Negative, resentful beliefs about women’s abilities, value, and challenge to men’s power |
| What is benevolent sexism? | Characterized by affectionate, chivalrous feelings founded on the potentially patronizing belief that women need and deserve protection |
| What are two kinds of ambivalent sexism? | Hostile sexism and benevolent sexism |
| What does being stigmatized mean? | Being persistently stereotyped, perceived as deviant, and devalued in society because of membership in a particular social group or because of a particular characteristic |
| What can constant stereotyping result in for the victim? | Anxiety and disidentity |
| What is social categorization? | The classification of persons into groups on the basis of common attributes |
| What are the negative effects of social categorization? | Exaggerate differences between groups and reinforce stereotypes |
| What is social dominance orientation? | Desire to see one’s ingroup as dominant over other groups and a willingness to adopt cultural values that facilitate oppression over other groups |
| What is social justification theory? | People are motivated (at least in part) to defend and justify the existing social, political, and economic conditions. Protects the status quo |
| What is realistic conflict theory? | Direct competition for valuable but limited resources breeds hostility between groups |
| What is relative depravation? | Feelings of discontent aroused by the belief that one fares poorly compared with others |
| What is social identity theory? | Each of us strives to enhance our self-esteem, which has two components: personal identity and group identity |
| What is a collectivist society? | Value social identity and connection with ingroup |
| What is socialization? | Processes by which people learn the norms, rules, and information of a culture or group |
| What is social role theory? | Sex differences are magnified by the unequal social roles that men and women occupy. This is exemplified through divided labor, behavior, and perceived dominance. |
| What is the stereotype content model? | A model proposing that the relative status and competition between groups influence group stereotypes along the dimensions of competence (status) and warmth (competition) |
| What is automatic stereotype activation? | Stereotypes can be activated without conscious thought |
| What is Allport's contact theory? | Direct contact between hostile groups will reduce intergroup prejudice under certain conditions |
| What are superordinate goals? | A shared goal that can be achieved only through cooperation among individuals or groups |
| What is the contact hypothesis | 4 factors, Equal status, Personal interaction, Group activities, and Social norms, are ideal for intergroup contact |
| What is the common ingroup identity model? | If members of different groups recategorize themselves as members of a more inclusive superordinate group, intergroup attitudes and relations can improve |
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juangon
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