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SOC 300 Midterm 1
intro to sociology research
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| generalizability | extent to which conclusion holds true for population, group, setting, or event that we say it does given the conditions we specify |
| Ontology | what exists, view on nature of reality. WHAT IS REALITY? |
| Epistemology | perceived relationship with knowledge, are we part of knowledge or external to it? HOW CAN WE KNOW REALITY? |
| Methodology | how we go about discovering and creating knowledge. THE RESEARCH APPROACH OR STRATEGY |
| Methods | THE ACTUAL TOOLS OR TECHNIQUES |
| Qualitative Research | Investigative approach that aims to understand and interpret social phenomena through subjective experiences, meanings, and perspectives. DEPTH and complexity, Non-numerical, not-generalizable. interviews, focus groups, observations |
| negative externality | something external to an individual which negatively impacts them |
| Ontology (2) | study of being. it refers to your view of reality and to what extent it exists 'out there' to be captured through research. Concerned with what is true or real |
| Epistemology (2) | study of knowledge. it refers to the principles of what can be known and how you can know it. Concerned with how you can find out about something |
| Methodology (2) | study of methods. it refers to the theoretical rationale and principles that guide a research agenda. Concerned with appropriateness and/or quality of research actions |
| Methods (2) | act of research. it refers to the tools and techniques used to gather and/or analyze data. concerned with gathering data to answer a question. |
| Data (2) | what you gather when you apply a method. can come in any shape or form. concerned with ability to answer a question |
| Ontology Examples | objectivism, constructivism, subjectivism |
| Epistemology Examples | positivism, interpretivism, feminism, postmodernism |
| Methodology Examples | case study, survey research, ethnography, ground theory |
| Methods Examples | questionnaire, interview, observation |
| Sources/Data Examples | people, objects |
| Quantitative Research | investigative approach taht aims to understand and interpret social phenomenta through the exploration of numeric patterns, with rigorous methods numerical data can yield generalizable results, explores BREADTH of human behavior, questionnaires, structure |
| methodological agnosticism | should allow existence of divine as possible explanation; we need to acknowledge that there are things which exist outside of objectivism |
| a priori | latin for "at the beginning" |
| Truth | knowledge of reality; observation plus error |
| 4 Epistemological Categories of Truth | truth you feel-emotionally; truth you are told-traditions; truth of reason-philosophy/logic; truth you perceive through your senses-empiricism |
| Schema | a pattern of thought/behavior to organize categories of information, framework you're starting with, mental structure of preconceived ideas |
| Respect | one of three ethical principles of Belmont Report; individuals have autonomy and should be treated as such, people w/ less autonomy deserve protection. Enter research voluntarily with enough info |
| Beneficence | one of three ethical principles of Belmont Report; do no harm, maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harm |
| Justice | one of three ethical principles of Belmont Report; ensuring the fair distribution of the benefits and burdens of research, people studied in research need to be able to access benefits from research |
| Avoid Harm | one of four protections; linked to beneficence, some sources also include avoiding deception unless its justified and approved through appropriate channels, conduct a risk-benefit analysis |
| Obtaining Informed Consent | one of four protections; linked to respect for persons; gives people opportunity to use their autonomy |
| Equitable Selection | one of four protections; linked to justice; allows for benefits and burdens of research to be more evenly distributed |
| Maintaining privacy/confidentiality | one of four protections; linked to all three; gives person autonomy over their information, avoids harm that could be done by participation in study, helps to ease burden of participation |
| debriefing | a researcher's informing subjects after an experiment about the experiment's purposes and methods and evaluating subjects' personal wellbeing/reactions to the experiment |
| The Milgram Experiment | participants were to quiz another person and administer shocks when they made a mistake, weren't allowed to quit and weren't told noone was actually being shocked; respect for persons violated because deception lack of being able to leave, do no harm viol |
| Stanford Prison Experiment | purpose was to study human response to captivity; respect for persons violated-participants were not allowed to withdraw and almost no risks were presented to them when became involved in study |
| Tearoom Trade Study | purpose to dispel stereotypes about male homosexual activity; respect for persons violated because there was no informed or voluntary consent in being part of the study, actively used deception in both initial encounter and follow-up interviews |
| Tuskegee Syphilis Study | purpose was to study untreated course of disease; disadvantaged rural black men were deprived of effective treatment; violates justice and equitable selection of participants, no informed or voluntary consent |
| Taste, Time, and Ties Study | sociologists collected personal information about students from FB and made public; violated maintaining confidentiality and informed consent, and kind of do no harm |
| Saints, Scholars, and Schizophrenics | studied a community in Ireland's decline; violated maintaining confidentiality/do no harm because attempts to hide identities were insufficient and neighbors were easily able to identify eachother |
| Oral History Archive of the Troubles in Northern Ireland | interviews were conducted with participants of armed conflict in Northern Ireland, participants were promised confidentiality, but subpoenas led to the release of interviews for criminal investigations, do no harm, maintaining confidentiality was violated |
| Triangulation | using multiple methods that don't share the same methodological weaknesses, falls under "methodology" |
| Theism | worldview: all the events of the world involve God; any explanation that doesn't involve God, at least to a limited degree, is either incomplete or wrong |
| Naturalism | worldview: only the natural (objective) matters; studies should be focused on natural events exclusively, explanations should be focused on naturalistic laws and principles exclusively |
| overgeneralization | critical error in reasoning; when you have some evidence that applies to some cases but you apply it to all cases |
| Selective or inaccurate observation | critical error in reasoning; when you look for evidence that confirms what you already believe (confirmation bias) |
| illogical reasoning | critical error in reasoning; prematurely jump to conclusions based on faulty assumptions |
| resistance to change | critical error in reasoning; when you think you have all the answers and you do not need to listen, seek information, or raise questions any longer |
| Science | purported to be an objective, accurate, systematic analysis of a determinant body of empirical data, in order to discover recurring relationships among phenomena |
| Universalism | norm of scientific community; irrespective of who conducts the research, the research is to be judged only on basis of scientific merit |
| organized skepticism | norm of scientific community; scientists should challenge and question all evidence and subject each study to intense scrutiny |
| disinterestedness | scientists must be neutral |
| communalism | scientific knowledge must be shared with others |
| honesty | scientists demand honesty in all research |
| scientific method | structured and systematic approach to investigating phenomena using empirical evidence |
| research question | proposes a set of relationships, understanding relationships helps us explain something about social life, permits range of answers that can be empirically/logically examined, advances scholarly conversations |
| induction | goes from data to theories, typically qualitative research |
| deduction | goes from theories to data, typically quantitative research |
| reductionist fallacy | making incorrect conclusion about group level data based on individual level data |
| ecological fallacy | erroneous use of group level data to make inferences about individual level data |
Created by:
pworthen0723
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