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AP Gov
Term review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Unicameral | one-house legislature (ex: Articles of Confederation Congress) |
| Bicameral | two-house legislature (ex: U.S. Congress → House + Senate). |
| Congress | legislative branch of U.S. government, makes laws. |
| Senate | upper house of Congress (2 senators per state). |
| House of Representatives | lower house of Congress (based on population). |
| Federalists | supported strong central government & Constitution. |
| Anti-Federalists | feared strong central gov., wanted Bill of Rights. |
| Factions | groups with shared interests that may go against common good (Madison warns about them in Federalist 10). |
| Republicanism | idea that people elect representatives to govern. |
| Fugitive Slave Clause | required escaped enslaved people to be returned (now void). |
| Grand Committee | delegates who wrote compromises at the Constitutional Convention. |
| Impeachment | process of charging a government official with misconduct. |
| Revenue Sharing | when federal gov. gives money to states with few restrictions. |
| Interstate Commerce | trade between states; regulated by Congress. |
| Multiple Access Points | citizens can influence gov. at local, state, and federal levels. |
| Amendments | changes to Constitution; proposed by 2/3 Congress or states, ratified by 3/4 states. |
| Pluralist Democracy | power spread among many groups (interest groups). |
| Participatory Democracy | citizens have direct influence (voting, protests). |
| Elite Democracy | wealthy, educated few have most power. |
| Federal Mandates | federal orders states must follow. |
| Funded Mandates | feds give money to help states comply. |
| Unfunded Mandates | states must follow rules but without money. |
| Block Grants | money from federal gov. to states with broad use. |
| Categorical Grants | money for specific purposes (ex: highways). |
| Federalism | system where power is shared between national & state govs. |
| Checks and Balances | branches can limit each other’s power. |
| Supremacy Clause | Constitution is the highest law. |
| Commerce Clause | Congress can regulate trade between states. |
| Necessary and Proper (Elastic) Clause | lets Congress make laws to carry out powers. |
| Concurrent Powers | shared by state & national govs (ex: taxes). |
| Exclusive Powers | only national gov. can do (ex: declare war). |
| Enumerated/Expressed Powers | listed directly in Constitution. |
| Implied Powers | not listed but allowed under Elastic Clause. |
| Reserved Powers | powers saved for states (10th Amendment). |
| Delegated Powers | powers given specifically to the federal gov. |
| No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) | federal education reform requiring testing. |
| Gun-Free School Zones Act | banned guns in school zones (struck down in U.S. v. Lopez). |
| USA PATRIOT Act | gave gov. more power to monitor terrorism (after 9/11). |
| Electoral College | system that elects president, based on state votes. |
| Judicial Review | courts can strike down unconstitutional laws (Marbury v. Madison). |
| Separation of Powers | 3 branches of government. |
| Great Compromise | created bicameral Congress (House + Senate). |
| Three-Fifths Compromise | enslaved people counted as 3/5 for representation/taxes. |
| Slave Trade Compromise | Congress could not ban slave trade until 1808. |
| Bill of Rights (as a compromise) | added to protect individual freedoms and appease Anti-Federalists. |
| Popular Sovereignty | power comes from the people. |
| Apportionment | dividing House seats among states by population. |
| Limited Government | government power restricted by law/Constitution. |
| Social Contract | gov. exists because people agree to be governed. |
| Natural Rights | life, liberty, property (or happiness, per Jefferson). |
| Ratification | official approval of Constitution. |
| Shays’ Rebellion | farmer uprising showing weakness of Articles. |
| Philadelphia (Constitutional) Convention | meeting to write Constitution (1787). |
| Tenth Amendment | reserves powers not given to federal gov. for states/people. |
| Declaration of Independence | Break from Britain, justify independence, list grievances. |
| Articles of Confederation | First U.S. government (unicameral, weak national gov) |
| Brutus 1 | Anti-Federalist essay warning that strong central gov. destroys liberty and states’ rights. |
| Federalist 10 | factions are inevitable, but large republic prevents one group from dominating. |
| Federalist 51 | – checks & balances + separation of powers prevent tyranny. |
Created by:
banaezam
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