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Public Policy quiz 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| pragmatism | doing wtv works (not always best route); sometimes just continue what's working |
| pragmatism cons | hard to get things done in gov bc of non-ideological parties leading to dismay/disgust of US public against fed power |
| pragmatism examples | Voting Rights Act (has been extended numerous times despite potentially needing changes |
| if we have a recession, what happens? | global economy experiences recession too |
| US has largest | single economy; China is 2nd |
| US wealth info | massive deficits; economy dependent on other countries; slow rate of capital investment and savings |
| wealth examples | we export more services, import more goods; massive change in distribution of wealth (e.g. housing crisis) |
| diversity brings | strength, richness, problems (e.g. debates surrounding rights) |
| diversity in US | history based on (ctd) inequalities and discrimination; uneven distribution of wealth; diverse social economic characteristics |
| US world leadership why? | economic, military, and political world leader |
| world leadership | influence global economy; military and diplomatic leadership |
| burdens on US policy-makers | role of peacekeeper; provide political and diplomatic leadership; USD = major reserve currency; economic demands (charity aid) |
| primacy | we spend more on military than any nation; US still has forces in Japan and Germany "to protect" and prevent uprising after WW2 |
| how do issues get attention of gov officials? | media; direct impact (e.g complain to reps), gov officials feel impacted, sudden/focusing events |
| focusing events examples | Pearl Harbor: 9/11; Covid; JFK assassination (led to Lyndon pushing for Civil Rights Act) |
| agenda setting | an issue is only considered if placed on agenda; must have a solution first |
| policy formulation | narrows and structures consideration of issues while preparing a plan of action |
| the kinds of programs developed to solve problems, are determined by what? | how the problem is defined, and when it's brought to the agenda |
| timeline of agenda setting and policy formulation | issue presented, accepted onto agenda (thru contribution of external events), issue removed from agenda (passed/rejected) |
| challenges of policy choice | criteria to include policy; issue attention cycle; timing |
| punctuated equlibria | some time periods have greater policy activism than others bc of energetic political leaders or large scale mobilization |
| examples of punctuated equilibria | Black Lives Matter movement, Civil Rights Act, abortion/reproductive rights |
| political capital | prez political influence isn't never ending, can only focus on a few certain things |
| e.g. political capital | Obama focused on healthcare |
| why do issues cycle/fade? | political capital; too much going on |
| kinds of agendas | systemic actions, institutional agendas, pseudo-issues |
| systemic actions | all issues subject to action, not usually consensual (e.g. economy) |
| institutional agenda | pseudo-issues, cyclical issues, recurrent issues (e.g. Women's Protection Act; gun reform) |
| pseudo-issues | leaders say they're problems but can't fully solve; difficult to solve/address |
| examples of pseudo-issues | poverty and racism: can focus on one aspect, like inequalities in housing |
| federal reserve is | independent organization; sets monetary policy |
| pluralist approaches | assumption of a marketplace in politics; interest groups and central actors (e.g. Pro-Palestine), everyone on more equal level |
| elitist approach | power elite dominating public decision-making, lack of resources among lower economic groups, results of non-decision |
| state-centric approach | iron triangle |
| state-centric approach explained | political system itself responsible for its agenda, locus of competition, powers of bureaucratic and leg actors |
| example of state-centric approach | Obamacare passed but poor execution bc it didn't work at first, states didn't want to comply |
| how to get problems on an agenda | analogous and spillover, effects of problem, relationship to symbol |
| effects of problem | who are victims, extremity of effect, concentration of victims, range of ppl affected, visibility of problems |
| mountain climber effect | the higher you climb, the more you see, but with less detail |
| analogous and spillover | presence of analogy to other issue; spillover = existence of a gov program that creates need for more programs |
| example of spillover | before social security, elderly were impoverished. w/ social security, needed to create medicare too for med bills |
| relationship to symbols | tying policies to symbols makes it easier to manipulate |
| example of relationship to symbols | Bush led war on terror w/ symbol "revenge/patriotism"; Trump's "make america great again" |
| policy formulation involves | analytic techniques, economics and decisions, habits/traditions, formulas, involving private sector, inertia, analogy, intuition |
| applying analytic techniques example | trying to reduce child deaths from guns and when evaluating data, if numbers haven't changed, redo/edit policy |
| economics and decisions example | florida may get less tourists after trying to repeal vaccine mandate, will decrease revenue |
| habits/traditions example | every other country with issues with guns restricted guns and it helped, US refers to not changing 2nd amendment |
| involving private sector in public matters example | trying to reduce greenhouse gases by encouraging states and involving private sector to use less |
| intuition example | sometimes policy requires ppl to think outside the box |
| inertia | sometimes being stalled motivates change and policy |
| who formulates policy? | public bureaucracy, think tanks and shadow cabinets, interest groups, members of congress/lawmakers |
| rule of expertise | success or failure of policy depends on expertise, acceptability, technical characteristics |
| example of rule of expertise | head of gov at time of Hurricane Katrina had no emergency management experience, disaster worsened bc of it |
| public bureaucracy | lofty aspirations to concrete proposals, routine and procedure, incremental choices from existing programs, public managers |
| public bureaucracy example | Obama's healthcare act required restaurants to post nutrition info, they decided what nutritional info posted (calories, etc) |
| think tanks and shadow cabinets | professional analysts and policy formulations, can deep dive into policies but swayed heavily by aligned political party/viewpoint |
| think tank examples | Heritage Foundation, Brookings, American Expertise Institute |
| interest groups | identify problems, place on agenda, create remedies; political leanings, pressure groups vs public interest groups, iron triangle |
| interest group examples | Planned Parenthood vs National Right to Life |
| members of congress/lawmakers | generally interested in reform, continuing growth in size, participation in active policy formulation, can deadlock congress |
| members of congress/lawmakers example | lawmakers in Iowa care more about farmers and policy to help them vs CA wildfires |
| how to formulate policies | routine, conditional, craftsman, creative |
| routine | high info, high knowledge of causation |
| craftsman | low info, high knowledge of causation |
| conditional | high info, low knowledge of causation |
| creative | low info, low knowledge of causation |
| routine example | as soon as vaccines become available, ppl use them |
| craftsman example | unique and spur of moment; 9/11 beginning, they grounded all planes |
| conditional example | poverty: we know a lot abt it but disagree on causing factor |
| creative example | beginning of Covid: quarantine, mask mandates |
| aids for policy formulation | cost benefit analysis, decision analysis (decision tree) |
| cost benefit analysis | most frequently applied, focuses on economics, projects w/ greatest net value chosen, ethical values vs economic criteria |
| decision analysis | looking at ethics, implementation, cost, no comprehensive approach to design; policy form. by institution, inertia, analogy |
| decision tree example | hurricane evacuation options, hard to know what "right" option is, good way to make decisions |
Created by:
lector_noche
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