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Connective Tissue
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Connective Tissue | diverse, abundant, and structurally varied - glue of the body - blood, tendons, ligaments, fat, cones, cartilage - cells are not directly connected |
| Characteristics of connective Tissue | a lot of different Cells(fibroblasts, osteocytes, adipocytes) - extracellular matrix - protein fibers - ground substance |
| fibroblasts | building fibers, moving, dark oval specks - most abundant, large, relatively flat cells with tapered ends - produce fibers and ground substance |
| osteocyte | bone cell |
| adipocyte | Fat cells with a single large lipid droplet |
| Protein fibers | elastic fibers, collagen, reticular fibers - strengthen and support |
| elastic fibers | stretch ( yellowish color - thinner than collagen - branch and rejoin, recoil |
| collagen fibers | holds things together, strong, long, unbranched, - most abundant protein in the human body - vitamin C helps build collagen - white fibers |
| reticular fibers | black and squiggly, packing material, thinner than collagen - branching woven framework - abundant in the stroma - supports organs |
| Ground substances | mixture of proteins and carbs with variable amounts of salt and water - comprise extracellular matrix(womb) - gelatinous - range from semi-fluid to hard bone |
| Functions of Connective Tissue | Physical protection, support and structural framework, binding of structures. storage, transport, immune protection |
| Physical protection | bones and fat protecting the organs they surround |
| support and structural framework | bones are the framework for the body, cartilage supports trachea, bronchi, ears and nose, capsules support spleen and kidney |
| binding of structures | ligaments connect bones to bone, - tendons bind bone to muscle |
| storage | adipose stores fat, bones store calcium |
| transport | blood carries nutrients, waste, hormones, gasses, etc. |
| immune protection | leukocytes patrol and kills disease |
| Mesenchyme | the source of all adult connective tissue (embryonic CT) - stellate or spindle-shaped dispersed within gel like ground substance that contains protein fibers. - divide in response to injury |
| Mucous connective tissue | found only in umbilical cord (embryonic CT) - more immature protein fibers. |
| Connective Tissue Proper | Actually, connecting and holding things together, - Loose, dense, vary in number and types of cell |
| Loose connective tissue | serves as the body's packing material(AAR) - relatively fewer cells and fibers than in dense, fibers are loosely arranged |
| areolar CT | Contains fibroblasts - lesser amounts of collagen and elastic fibers - viscous ground substance - packs and binds organs - surrounds nerves, vessels |
| adipose CT | Composed of adipocytes with lipid droplet - protects stores fat, insulates - surrounds kidney and other organs |
| reticular CT | Meshwork of reticular fibers, - thicker than elastic - provides supportive framework - forms stroma of organs |
| Dense connective tissue | More fibers than ground substance - protein fibers are densely packed |
| Resident cells | include fibroblasts(move) adipocytes(stay), fixed macrophages (stay and guard), mesenchymal cells - maintain and repair extracellular matrix and store materials |
| Wandering cells | Mast cells, plasma, free macrophages, leukocytes - moving cells - repair damaged extracellular matrix |
| mast cells | small cells with a granule-filled cytoplasm - release histamine and heparin to stimulate local inflammation |
| plasma cells | small cells with a distinct nucleus derived from activated B-lymphocytes - Form antibodies that bind to foreign substances, bacteriaa, viruses |
| free macrophages | Mobile phagocytic cells formed from monocytes of the blood - phagocytize foreign materials |
| other leukocytes | White blood cells that enter connective tissue - Attack foreign materials or directly combat bacteria |
| fixed macrophages | Large cells derived from monocytes in blood. - reside in extracellular matrix after leaving the blood - phagocytize foreign materials |
| Dense regular CT | Densely packed collagen fibers are parallel to direction of stress - provides strength and flexibility - tendons and ligaments - little ground substance |
| Dense Irregular CT | Dense collagen fibers interwoven in irregularly clumped together in all directions - provides tensile strength in all direction - dermis of skin |
| Elastic CT | Elastic and collagen fibers are arranged irregularly - provides framework and support for organs - walls of arteries |
| Supporting CT | Cartilage and bone - strong durable framework - cartilage (semisolid matrix) - bone( solid matrix) |
| Cartilage | firm, gel-like extracellular matrix - composed of protein and ground |
| Chondrocytes | |
| lacunae | little body of water |
| Perichondrium | two of the three cartilages - covering around the cartilage |
| Hyaline Cartilage | glassy matrix - chondrocytes in lacunae - most common type of cartilage, but weakest - smooths joint surfaces - hydrated, slippery |
| Fibrocartilage | - No perichondrium - absorbs shock - Parallel collagen fibers in matrix (same direction) - intervertebral disks |
| Elastic Cartilage | Chondrocytes inside lacunae - numerous elastic fibers, closely packed - extremely resilient and flexible(ear) |
| Bone connective Tissue | - 2/3 bones weight is inorganic (calcium and salt) - 1/3 is organic (collagen and other proteins) - collagen and calcium doesn't let them break |
| periosteum | adheres muscle to the bones |
| Compact bone | arranged in cylindrical osteons - contains concentric lamellae surrounding central canal |
| Spongy bone | |
| Central canal | - |
| osteocytes | Mature bone cells -contact one another through canaliculi |
| canaliculi | |
| hematopoietic cells | |
| Fluid Connective Tissue | Blood, Lymph |
| Erythrocytes | red blood cells |
| Leukocytes | white blood cells |
| Plasma | |
| platelets | fragments of blood cells involved |
| Blood | Big cells, platelets, plasma |
| Mucous membranes are | line passage that open to external environment |
| serous membrane | |
| Cutaneous membrane | skin |
| synovial membranes | line the cavities of some joints and secrete friction-reducing fluid there. |
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