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APUSH Period 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Seven Years War | Global conflict fought between 1756 and 1763; known in U.S. as French and Indian War. The war was primarily between Britain and France; resulted in British dominance in North America and significant territorial gains for Britain. |
| George Washington | played a pivotal role in the Seven Years' War by engaging in early skirmishes that escalated the conflict, gaining crucial military experience and leadership skills that shaped his future success in the American Revolution |
| Albany Plan of Union | Proposal by Benjamin Franklin to create a unified government for the 13 Colonies. Presented at the Albany Congress in 1754, but not adopted. This laid the groundwork for future efforts towards independence. |
| Peace of Paris | Treaty of Paris (1763), was signed between Britain, France, and Spain. It resulted in significant territorial changes, with Britain gaining control of Canada and Florida, while France ceded Louisiana to Spain |
| Salutary Neglect | A British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws, particularly trade laws, meant to keep the American colonies obedient to England. This policy allowed the colonies considerable freedom in economic matters and self-governance. |
| Stamp Act Congress | A meeting held in 1765 in New York City, where representatives from nine of the thirteen colonies gathered to devise a unified protest against the British-imposed Stamp Act. It marked the first significant joint colonial response to British policy. |
| Sons & Daughters of Liberty | Secret organizations formed in the colonies to protest and resist British policies and taxes. The Sons of Liberty used direct action, including protests and intimidation, while the Daughters of Liberty supported boycotts and produced homemade goods. |
| Committees of Correspondence | Colonial networks of communication organized by patriot leaders starting to coordinate opposition to British policies. These committees shared information and organized responses to British actions, helping to unify the colonies and prepare for resistance |
| Intolerable Acts | series of punitive laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 after the Boston Tea Party. They included measures such as closing Boston Harbor and revoking Massachusetts' charter, intended to punish Massachusetts and deter other colonies from rebellion |
| Sugar Act | British law that imposed a tax on sugar and molasses, and imported into the American colonies. It aimed to raise revenue to pay for British military expenses in North America and was met with strong colonial opposition, as it also tightened enforcement. |
| Quartering Act | A British law requiring American colonists to provide housing, food, and other supplies to British soldiers stationed in the colonies. This act was deeply resented by colonists, as it was seen as an infringement on their rights and autonomy. |
| Stamp Act | A British law that imposed a direct tax on the colonies by requiring that many printed materials, such as legal documents, newspapers, and playing cards, bear a stamp to show that the tax had been paid. The act sparked widespread protest in the colonies. |
| Declaratory Act | A British law passed simultaneously with the repeal of the Stamp Act, asserting Parliament's authority to legislate for the colonies "in all cases whatsoever." It was intended to affirm Britain's control over the colonies. |
| Townshend Acts | British laws that placed new taxes on common products imported into the colonies, such as paper, paint, glass, and tea, and established a board of customs commissioners to enforce trade regulations. The acts led to widespread colonial resistance. |
| Tea Act | A British law designed to save the struggling British East India Company by allowing it to sell surplus tea directly to the American colonies at a reduced price, bypassing colonial merchants. This act angered colonists, leading to the Boston Tea Party. |
| Coercive Acts | Another name for the Intolerable Acts, these were a set of punitive measures aimed at Massachusetts following the Boston Tea Party. They were intended to restore order in the colonies but instead galvanized colonial opposition. |
| Quebec Act | A British law that extended the boundaries of the Province of Quebec and granted rights to Catholics. Colonists saw the act as another Intolerable Act because it expanded the territory into areas claimed by several other colonies. |
| Enlightenment | An intellectual and philosophical movement during the 17th and 18th centuries. It emphasized reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional authority as well as ideals like liberty and constitutional government. |
| Deism | A religious philosophy that emerged during the Enlightenment, emphasizing reason and the observation of the natural world while rejecting the supernatural aspects of religion. Deists believe in a Creator who does not continue to intervene in the universe. |
| Rationalism | A philosophical approach that emphasizes reason as the primary source of knowledge and truth. Rationalists argue that the exercise of reason, rather than sensory experience or religious faith, is the most reliable path to understanding the world. |
| Social contract | A theory that originated during the Enlightenment, proposing that individuals consent to surrender some of their freedoms and submit to the authority of a ruler or a government in exchange for protection of their remaining rights. |
| John Locke | A 17th-century English philosopher and physician. Locke's theories on natural rights, the social contract, and government by consent laid the foundation for modern liberal democracy. |
| Jean-Jacques Rosseau | An 18th-century Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer. Rousseau's works, including "The Social Contract" and "Emile," focused on the concepts of natural human goodness, the corrupting influence of society, and the importance of education. |
| Thomas Paine | An English-born American political activist, philosopher, and revolutionary. Paine's influential pamphlets, such as "Common Sense" and "The American Crisis," advocated for American independence from Britain and the establishment of a democratic government |
| First Continental Congress | A meeting of delegates from 12/13 American colonies (excluding Georgia) that convened in Philadelphia in September 1774. The Congress was called in response to the Intolerable Acts and aimed to coordinate colonial resistance to British policies. |
| John Adams | A Founding Father, diplomat, and the second President of the United States (1797-1801). Adams was a prominent advocate for American independence, played a leading role in the Continental Congress, and helped draft the Declaration of Independence. |
| John Jay | An American statesman, diplomat, and the first Chief Justice of the United States (1789-1795). Jay was a key negotiator of the Treaty of Paris in 1783, which ended the Revolutionary War. He also co-authored the Federalist Papers. |
| Suffolk Resolves | A declaration made in September 1774 by leaders in Suffolk County, Massachusetts, which rejected the Intolerable Acts and called for a boycott of British goods, non-compliance with British authorities, and the establishment of a colonial government. |
| Economic sanctions | Measures taken by a country or group of countries to restrict trade and economic activity with a target country in order to influence its behavior. In the context of the American colonies, economic sanctions included boycotts of British goods. |
| Second Continental Congress | A convention of delegates from the colonies that met in Philadelphia in May 1775, shortly after the outbreak of the revolutionary war; managed the colonial war effort, moved incrementally towards independence, and adopted Dec. of Ind. 7/4/1776 |
| Olive Branch Petition | A final attempt by the Second Continental Congress in July 1775 to avoid a full-scale war with Britain by professing loyalty to King George III and requesting a peaceful resolution to the ongoing conflicts. The petition was rejected by the King. |
| Thomas Jefferson | A Founding Father, the principal author of the Declaration of Independence, and the third President of the United States (1801-1809). Jefferson was a leading advocate for democracy, republicanism, and individual rights. |
| Declaration of Independence | A document adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, declaring the thirteen American colonies independent from British rule. Drafted primarily by Thomas Jefferson, it articulated the colonies' reasons for seeking independence. |
| Yorktown | The site of the final major battle of the American Revolutionary War, where General George Washington's army, with French support, besieged British General Cornwallis's forces in October 1781. Cornwallis's surrender at Yorktown effectively ended the war. |
| Prohibitory Act | A British law enacted in December 1775 that declared the American colonies in rebellion and authorized a naval blockade against them. The act aimed to suppress the colonial rebellion by cutting off trade and support. |
| Treaty of Paris | The treaty signed in 1783 that officially ended the American Revolutionary War. Negotiated by American representatives, including John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and John Jay, it recognized American independence. |
| Loyalist | An American colonist who remained loyal to the British Crown during the American Revolutionary War. Loyalists opposed the independence movement and supported British authority, often facing persecution and property confiscation as a result. |
| Abigail Adams | Abigail Adams is known for her political insights and advocacy for women's rights and education. She is remembered for urging her husband to "remember the ladies" in the new laws of the nation, highlighting her early advocacy for gender equality. |
| Republican Motherhood | An 18th-century idea that emerged during and after the American Revolution, emphasizing the role of women in nurturing the principles of republicanism and civic virtue in their children. |
| Land Ordinance of 1785 | A law passed by the Confederation Congress to regulate the surveying and sale of western lands. It established a standardized system whereby settlers could purchase farmland in the undeveloped west. |
| Northwest Ordinance of 1787 | A significant act of the Confederation Congress that provided a governance framework for the Northwest Territory. It established the process for admitting new states and banned slavery in the Northwest Territory. |
| Articles of Confederation | The first constitution of the United States, ratified in 1781, which established a loose confederation of sovereign states and a weak central government, leaving most powers with the state governments. |
| Shays’s Rebellion | An armed uprising in 1786-1787 by Massachusetts farmers protesting economic injustices and lack of federal response to economic hardship and debt. The rebellion highlighted the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation. |
| James Madison | Madison is known as the "Father of the Constitution" for his pivotal role in drafting and promoting the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. Co-authored the Federalist Papers. |
| Alexander Hamilton | A Founding Father, the first Secretary of the Treasury (1789-1795), and a key promoter of the U.S. Constitution. Hamilton was instrumental in establishing the nation’s financial system and co-authored "The Federalist Papers." |
| Federalists | A political group that supported the ratification of the U.S. Constitution. Federalists advocated for a strong national government to provide order and stability. Key Federalist figures included Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. |
| Anti-Federalists | A political group that opposed the ratification of the U.S. Constitution. Anti-Federalists feared that a strong central government would threaten individual liberties and states' rights. They demanded a Bill of Rights to protect citizens' freedoms. |
| The Federalist Papers | A collection of 85 essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay under the pseudonym "Publius" to support the ratification of the U.S. Constitution. These essays explained and defended the principles of the Constitution. |
| Constitutional Convention | A meeting held in Philadelphia in 1787 where delegates from twelve of the thirteen states (excluding Rhode Island) convened to address the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation. The convention resulted in the drafting of the U.S. Constitution. |
| Federalism | A system of government in which power is divided between a central (national) authority and constituent political units (states). In the context of the U.S., federalism refers to the sharing of powers between the federal the state governments. |
| Separation of Powers | A foundational principle of the U.S. Constitution that divides government responsibilities into three distinct branches: the legislative (Congress), the executive (President), and the judicial (Supreme Court and other courts). |
| Checks and Balances | A system embedded in the U.S. Constitution that ensures each branch of government (legislative, executive, and judicial) can limit the powers of the other branches. This system prevents any one branch from gaining too much power. |
| Virginia Plan | A proposal by Virginia delegates at the Constitutional Convention of 1787. It called for a strong national government with a bicameral legislature (two houses), with representation in both houses based on state population. |
| New Jersey Plan | A proposal by New Jersey delegates at the Constitutional Convention of 1787, presented by William Paterson. It called for a unicameral legislature (one house) with equal representation for each state, regardless of size or population. |
| Connecticut Plan (Great Compromise) | A proposal that resolved the dispute between large and small states. It called for a bicameral legislature with a House of Representatives, where representation was based on population, and a Senate, where each state had equal representation. |
| Senate | The upper house of the United States Congress, consisting of two senators from each state, regardless of population. Senators serve six-year terms, and the Senate has unique powers, such as approving treaties and confirming presidential appointments. |
| House of Representatives | The lower house of the United States Congress, with representation based on each state's population. Members serve two-year terms. The House has the power to initiate revenue bills and impeach federal officials. |
| Three-Fifths Compromise | An agreement reached at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that determined how slaves would be counted for representation and taxation purposes. Each slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person. |
| Commercial Compromise | An agreement during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 allowing Congress to regulate interstate and foreign commerce, including placing tariffs on foreign imports, but prohibiting taxes on exports. |
| Electoral College | A body established by the Constitution to elect the President and Vice President of the United States. Each state has a number of electors equal to its total number of senators and representatives in Congress. |
| Bill of Rights | The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1791. They guarantee essential rights and liberties to individuals, such as freedom of speech, religion, and the press, and limit the power of the government. |
| Washington’s Farewell Address | A letter written by President George Washington to the American people, published in 1796. He warned against the dangers of political parties and foreign alliances |
| Battle of Fallen Timbers | A decisive battle fought on August 20, 1794, between the United States Army, led by General Anthony Wayne, and a confederation of Native American tribes. The American victory ended Native resistance in the Northwest Territory. |
| Treaty of Greenville | A treaty signed in 1795 between the United States and Native American tribes following the Battle of Fallen Timbers. The treaty ceded significant portions of present-day Ohio and Indiana to the U.S. government, opening the land to American settlers. |
| Public Land Act (1796) | Legislation passed by Congress that established procedures for the systematic sale of federal lands in the western territories. The act aimed to generate revenue for the federal government and encourage settlement and development of the western frontier |
| French Revolution | A period of radical social and political upheaval in France from 1789 to 1799 that overthrew the monarchy, established a republic, and led to widespread violence and chaos. |
| Proclamation of Neutrality | A formal announcement issued by President George Washington in 1793, declaring the United States neutral in the conflict between France and Great Britain. The proclamation aimed to protect American interests by avoiding entanglement in European wars. |
| Jay’s Treaty | A treaty negotiated by John Jay in 1794 between the United States and Great Britain. It resolved several issues remaining from the Revolutionary War, facilitated ten years of peaceful trade between the two nations, and averted the threat of war. |
| Pinckney’s Treaty | A treaty negotiated by Thomas Pinckney in 1795 between the United States and Spain. The treaty established friendly relations, settled boundary disputes, and granted Americans the right to navigate the Mississippi River |
| Right of deposit | The right granted to American merchants by Spain in Pinckney's Treaty to deposit goods for export at the port of New Orleans without paying customs duties. |
| XYX Affair | A diplomatic incident in 1797-1798 between the United States and France. American envoys to France were approached by French agents (referred to as X, Y, and Z) who demanded bribes to begin negotiations. The affair led to an undeclared naval war. |
| Judiciary Act | Refers to the Judiciary Act of 1789, which established the federal judiciary of the United States. It created the structure and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and lower federal courts, including the establishment of district and circuit courts. |
| National debt | The total amount of money that a country's government has borrowed to finance its operations and obligations. In the context of early U.S. history, the national debt referred to the debt accumulated during the revolutionary war. |
| Federalist Era | The period in American history roughly from 1789 to 1801, characterized by the dominance of the Federalist Party and its policies. This era saw the establishment of many foundational aspects of the U.S. government. |
| Federalist Party | A political party in the early United States that advocated for a strong central government, a robust commercial economy, and close ties with Britain. Key figures included Alexander Hamilton, John Adams, and John Jay. |
| Democratic-Republican Party | A political party founded in the early 1790s by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in opposition to the Federalist Party. It advocated for states' rights, an agrarian economy, and a limited federal government. |
| two-term tradition | A precedent set by President George Washington, who voluntarily stepped down after serving two terms in office (1789-1797). |
| Alien and Sedition Acts | A series of four laws passed during an undeclared naval war with France (the Quasi-War). These acts included new powers to deport foreigners (Alien Acts) and criminalized making false statements against the federal government. |
| Kentucky and Virginia Resolution | Political statements drafted in 1798-99 that argued that the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional. |
| Indian Intercourse Act | Series of laws passed by the United States Congress starting in 1790 that regulated commerce and interactions between American settlers and Native American tribes. |
| Eli Whitney | An American inventor and engineer best known for inventing the cotton gin in 1793. He also contributed to the development of interchangeable parts and the American manufacturing system. |
| Cotton Gin | A machine invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 that quickly and efficiently removed the seeds from cotton fibers. The cotton gin greatly increased the productivity of cotton processing, leading to the expansion of cotton cultivation. |
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