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Sociology Unit 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Sociology | The scientific study of human society, social behavior, institutions, and the interactions between people, examining the social causes and consequences of human actions and how they shape social structures |
| Society | A large group of people who live together in an organized community, sharing common interests, customs, laws, and a sense of identity. |
| Scientific Revolution | A period of major intellectual change in Europe, from roughly the 16th to the 18th centuries, that transformed understanding of nature and society through the development of modern science. |
| Comte | A 19th-century French philosopher known for establishing positivism, a system of philosophy that emphasizes scientific observation and empirical evidence. He also coined the term and concept of sociology. |
| Martineau | An English author and social commentator known for her influential writings on social and economic issues, including slavery, women's education, and laissez-faire economics. She is considered a pioneer of sociology. |
| Spencer | Wrote a doctrine on social Darwinism, according to which the principles of evolution, including natural selection, apply to human societies, social classes, and individuals as well as to biological species developing over geologic time. |
| Durkheim | Had theories regarding functionalism, division of labor, solidarity, and anomie. He theorized that individual behavior is not only influenced by internal factors but also by external societal factors |
| Marx | Argued that economic structures drive social change. Marx is seen as the "Father of Communism," and his ideas significantly influenced the development of socialist and communist movements worldwide. |
| Weber | One of the founding fathers of sociology. In his most famous book, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, he claimed that the seeds of capitalism were in the Protestant work ethic. |
| Sociological Imagination | The ability to see the connection between personal experiences and larger social forces |
| Sociological Perspective | A way of understanding the world by focusing on how social backgrounds, groups, and interactions influence human behavior, attitudes, and life choices |
| Macrosociology | The study of large-scale social systems and long-term patterns and processes. Its goal is understanding how the "big picture" of society impacts individual lives and groups. |
| Microsociology | The study of small-scale social interactions and interpersonal dynamics, focusing on the actions, behaviors, and thoughts of individuals within face-to-face encounters and small groups. |
| Globalization | The increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of the world's economies, societies, and cultures, driven by the flow of goods, services, capital, people, and ideas across national borders |
| Conflict Perspective | a sociological theory that views society as an arena of inequality, where different groups struggle for limited power and resources |
| Functionalist Perspective | Defines society as a complex system composed of interconnected parts, or social institutions, that work together to promote solidarity and stability |
| Symbolic/Interactionist Perspective | A sociological theory that focuses on how individuals create meaning, develop their self-concept, and understand society through their interactions and the use of symbols like language |
| Chicago School | The influential sociological and criminological approach developed at the University of Chicago in the early 20th century, focusing on urban ecology and social disorganization |
| Quantitative Research | A methodology that collects and analyzes numerical data to test hypotheses, identify patterns, and make generalizable predictions |
| Qualitative Research | A method of inquiry used to understand complex social phenomena by exploring people's experiences, perceptions, and motivations through non-numerical data like words, observations, and texts |
| Survey | A method of gathering information using relevant questions from a sample of people with the aim of understanding populations as a whole. |
| Naturalistic observation | A research method where a scientist observes subjects in their natural environment without any intervention or manipulation, aiming to understand behaviors as they occur in real-world settings rather than in a controlled lab |
| Structured observation | A research method where an observer systematically records specific, predefined behaviors or events in a controlled or natural setting using a checklist or coding scheme |
| Participant observation | A qualitative research method where a researcher immerses themselves in a group or culture to gain an in-depth understanding of its behaviors, thoughts, and social dynamics through observation and active participation in everyday life. |
| Non-Participating observation | A research method where the researcher observes subjects and their activities from a detached position, without actively participating in the events or interacting with the people being studied |
Created by:
hadleyrice
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