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APUSH Period 1 & 2
APUSH Period 1 & 2 vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Aztec Empire | powerful Mesoamerican civilization known for impressive architectural achievements, complex social structure, and rich cultural practices |
| Mayan Empire | Ancient civilization in Mesoamerica known for its writing, calendar, and mathematical systems. |
| Inca Empire | Advanced South American empire in the Andes known for its road system and stone architecture. |
| Vikings | Norse explorers who reached North America around 1000 AD, before Columbus. |
| Christopher Columbus | Italian explorer who sailed for Spain and reached the Americas in 1492. |
| Hernan Cortes | Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztec Empire in 1521. |
| Conquistadores | Spanish soldiers and explorers who conquered Native American lands. |
| Tenochtitlan | Capital city of the Aztec Empire, located on Lake Texcoco. |
| Francisco Pizarro | Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire in 1533. |
| Encomienda System | A Spanish colonial system where settlers were granted the right to extract labor and tribute from Native Americans in exchange for supposed protection and Christianization. |
| Bartolomé de Las Casas | Spanish priest who criticized the mistreatment of Native Americans. |
| Hernando de Soto | Spanish explorer who led expeditions in the southeastern U.S. and discovered the Mississippi River. |
| Reformation | Religious movement in 16th-century Europe that challenged the Catholic Church and led to Protestantism. |
| Martin Luther | German monk who started the Reformation by criticizing Catholic practices. |
| 95 Theses | List of criticisms against the Catholic Church written by Martin Luther in 1517. |
| John Calvin | Protestant reformer who developed the doctrine of predestination. |
| Calvinism | Branch of Protestantism that emphasizes predestination and a strict moral code. |
| Henry VIII | English king who broke from the Catholic Church and established the Church of England. |
| Queen Elizabeth | Protestant queen of England who supported exploration and defeated the Spanish Armada. |
| Puritans | English Protestants who wanted to purify the Church of England of Catholic elements. |
| Defeat of the Spanish Armada | 1588 naval victory by England that marked the decline of Spanish power. |
| Roanoke Island | Site of the first failed English colony in the Americas, known as the "Lost Colony." |
| Sir Walter Raleigh | Englishman who sponsored the failed Roanoke colony. |
| Virginia Company | Joint-stock company that funded the Jamestown settlement in Virginia. |
| Powhatan | Native American chief who ruled tribes near Jamestown and initially helped the English. |
| Captain John Smith | Leader who helped Jamestown survive by enforcing discipline and securing food from natives. |
| Jamestown | First permanent English settlement in North America, founded in 1607. |
| Bacon’s Rebellion | 1676 uprising by poor farmers and indentured servants in Virginia against the colonial government. |
| Proprietary Colony | Colony governed by individuals or groups granted land by the king. |
| Plymouth | Colony founded in 1620 by Pilgrims seeking religious freedom in New England. |
| John Winthrop | Puritan leader and first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. |
| Roger Williams | Puritan dissenter who founded Rhode Island for religious freedom and separation of church and state. |
| Anne Hutchinson | Puritan woman banished for challenging church authority and gender roles. |
| Pequot War | 1637 conflict between New England colonists and the Pequot tribe that ended in native defeat. |
| Metacom’s War | 1675–1676 war between New England settlers and Native Americans, also called King Philip’s War. |
| Iroquois Confederacy | Powerful alliance of Native American tribes in the Northeast that played a key political role. |
| Quaker | Religious group that believed in equality, nonviolence, and religious tolerance. |
| William Penn | Founder of Pennsylvania, a colony based on Quaker principles and religious freedom. |
| Indentured Servants | People who worked for a set number of years in exchange for passage to the colonies. |
| Slavery | Forced labor system where Africans were brought to the colonies and enslaved for life. |
| Protestant | Christian group that broke away from the Catholic Church during the Reformation. |
| Triangular Trade | Three-part trade system between Europe, Africa, and the Americas involving slaves, goods, and crops. |
| Columbian Exchange | Global transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and culture between the Old and New Worlds. |
| “Half-Way Covenant” | Puritan policy that allowed partial church membership for the children of church members. |
| Salem Witch Trials | 1692 series of trials and executions in Massachusetts based on accusations of witchcraft. |
| Enlightenment | 18th-century intellectual movement emphasizing reason, science, and individual rights. |
| Benjamin Franklin | American Enlightenment thinker, inventor, and diplomat who promoted science and civic virtue. |
| Great Awakening | Religious revival in the 1730s–40s that emphasized emotional preaching and individual faith. |
| George Whitefield | Evangelist preacher who inspired thousands during the Great Awakening. |
| Jonathan Edwards | Puritan preacher whose fiery sermons helped spark the First Great Awakening. |
| Joint-stock company | Business venture where investors pool money for colonial enterprises and share profits. |
| Mayflower Compact | 1620 agreement for self-government signed by Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower. |
| James Oglethorpe | Founder of Georgia as a haven for debtors and buffer against Spanish Florida. |
| House of Burgesses | First elected legislative assembly in colonial Virginia (1619). |
| Navigation Acts | A series of English laws that restricted colonial trade by requiring goods to be transported on English ships and pass through English ports, benefiting the British economy. |
| Mercantilism | Economic policy where colonies exist to benefit the mother country by providing raw materials. |
| Salutary neglect | British policy of loosely enforcing colonial laws, allowing self-government to grow. |
| Sir William Berkeley | Governor of Virginia during Bacon’s Rebellion, criticized for favoring elites. |
| Pueblo Revolt | 1680 uprising of Native Americans in New Mexico against Spanish rule and forced religion. |
| Headright System | Land grant system that gave settlers land for bringing indentured servants to the colonies. |
| Indentured Servants | Laborers who agreed to work for a period in exchange for passage to America. |
| Subsistence Farming | Farming that provides enough food for the farmer’s family with little surplus. |
| Hereditary Aristocracy | Social system where wealth and status are inherited by birth, common in Europe but not in the colonies. |
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arianacontreras
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